A Raisin in the Sun: Poem of Insecurities Essay

The dreams of the characters in the Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry illustrated the theme of Langston Hughes poem. Lena, Walter, Ruth, and Beneatha all lived under the same roof, but their aspirations were all different. Being the head of the house, Lena just wanted her children to live the lives they imagined for themselves. Walter’s dream was to invest his mother’s money in a liquor store and to create a better life for his son Travis. Beneatha in the other hand wants to use her mother’s money to become a doctor when she got out of college and Ruth wants to be wealthy. A Raisin in the Sun was a book about â€Å"dreams deferred† and in this book Loraine Hansberry fluently described the dreams of the Younger Family and how their dreams became a destructive weapon on their family. Lena Younger, Walter and Beneatha’s mother was a widow who devoted her life to her children after her husband died. When she retired she was waiting for her husband’s insurance money to arrive. With the ten thousand dollars in her hand, Lena decided to buy a 3500 dollar house at Clybourne Park and she was also going to put some money in the bank for Beneatha so she could go to medical school. Those were her dreams, they were so simple and ordinary and also beautiful. She expected everyone to be delighted and surprised of the things she had done with the check and indeed they were, except for Walter. While Lena got her pie in the sky, Walter was upset his mother had spent the insurance money on the house and thought it wasn’t fair that Beneatha got some of it for her medical school while he got nothing for his liquor store business. Walter always discussed his dream thoroughly to his family and talked about how it would make their lives different, but Lena, who always wanted her son to be happy, trustingly gave the rest of the insurance money to Walter. Holding the money in his hands, Walter thanked his mother and appreciated the trust she had in him. Walter then gave the money to his buddies so that they could get him the liquor license without realizing that they betrayed him. This is how a dream can become destructive for others. As his dream crumbled into pieces, he began to regret that he didn’t listen to his mother, wife, and sister. He not only destroyed Beneatha and his dream but Ruth’s as well. Ruth was pregnant during his moment in despair and forgave and encouraged him to start everything over. Ruth, whose dream was to be wealthy and to have a fine family, calmly accepted the fact that her dream was only a dream. To her, it was a consolation that her husband had come back to reality after his unsuccessful dream. It is not essential to keep a dream alive, reason why is because if you don’t accomplish your reverie you’ll spend your whole life complaining about it. Ruth was not about to do that, she sucked it up and forgave Walter. Beneatha was upset to hear that Walter didn’t put anything in the bank for her medical school. Sad and depressed that the reality turned out differently from her dream, Beneatha gave up hope of becoming a doctor. Fortunately, her friend Asagai kept her dream alive and convinced her that there was still hope and ream in the world and that she should forget about the money because if her father did not die then she would have never gotten the chance. So Beneatha went with Asagai to his homeland, Nigeria, to practice her medical career. Conclusively, the family forgot their despair and moved to the new house for a new life. Although they knew it was tough to start everything over, but for them, it was as if their lives had just begun. Lorraine Hansberry had successfully illustrated the four main characters in the story as human beings with desires, dreams, aspirations, conflict, foibles, and strength. And it was â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† that expressed those dreams and desires and how they ended up as â€Å"dreams deferred.†

Jane Eyre: Feminist Hero

Jane Eyre: Feminist Hero Submissive, domestic, good-tempered, quiet, agreeable and mild; these are all words that could be used to describe the ideal Victorian woman. Sexism and discrimination put up roadblocks and didn’t allow much room for educational growth for women. Education and job opportunities were limited and left most women with marriage, particularly to a wealthy man, as their best option for security. Jane Eyre broke the mold of the common Victorian woman; she was determined, stubborn, and would not be swayed from doing what she believed to be right and just. She worked her way up from orphan, to governess, to wife of a wealthy man – all without compromising her integrity, her moral standards or her pride. In a time where women had little to no say over how they lived their lives, Jane was doing just the opposite and taking control over her own destiny. It all begun when Jane left Gateshead as a young girl. She escaped her cruel aunt and cousins and ventured out on her own, leaving a semi-comfortable living situation and the familiar in pursuit of bettering herself with an education. As a result of Jane receiving an education, she was able to further her independence by taking a job as a governess at Thornfield. Though the profession of governess was considered low class and seen as little more than a servant, Jane took the opportunity. Again, Jane left the comfort of familiarity and moved on to do what she believed best. As a governess, Jane was able to make her own wages and, though she was living in someone else’s home and worked for Mr. Rochester, she wasn’t taking charity from anyone; she was working for her keep (Bronte 140). Jane was a very passionate person and, despite the social norm being that women held their tongues in front of men, Jane spoke her opinions boldly, especially to Mr. Rochester. Jane didn’t feel that stifling her voice was fair, and she refused to do it. Jane explained her views on the women of the day in the following passage: Women are supposed to be very calm generally: but women feel just as men feel; they need exercise for their faculties, and a field for their efforts as much as their brothers do; they suffer from too rigid a restraint, too absolute a stagnation, precisely as en would suffer; and it is narrow-minded in their more privileged fellow-creatures to say that they ought to confine themselves to making puddings and knitting stockings, to playing on the piano and embroidering bags. It is thoughtless to condemn them, or laugh at them, if they seek to do more or learn more than custom has pronounced necessary for their sex (Bronte 130). When Mr. Rochester told Jane that he was going to be marrying Miss Ingram, Jane’s true feelings for Rochester came to the surface and she insisted on leaving Thornfield. ‘Do you think I can stay to become nothing to you? Do you think I am an automation? -a machine without feelings? and can you bear to have my morsel of bread snatched from my lips and my drop of living water dashed from my cup? Do you think because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soul and heartless? You think wrong! – I have as much soul as you, – and full as much heart †¦ I am not talking to you now through the medium of custom, conventionalities, nor even of mortal flesh; — it is my spirit that addresses your spirit; just as if both had passed through the grave, and we stood at God's feet, equal, — as we are’ (Bronte 296)! Jane couldn’t stay at Thornfield as anything other than his significant other. She couldn’t stand the idea of watching him with someone other than her. On the day of Rochester and Jane’s wedding, the truth about Rochester’s marital status was discovered and after learning about Bertha, Jane left Thornfield and â€Å"fled from temptation† (Bronte 372). If she had stayed at Thornfield with Rochester, she would have become his mistress, and despite loving Rochester with all of her heart and wanting to be with him, she ran, knowing that being his mistress would be morally wrong. Jane couldn’t be Rochester’s mistress, even though most women would have accepted the opportunity to be with Mr. Rochester, even if only as his mistress, because it meant security, wealth, comfort, and love. Rochester put Jane’s strength and determination to the test when he begged her to stay (Bronte 371). As much as he pleaded with her, she couldn’t and wouldn’t lower herself to living a life of sin, so instead, she bravely and independently ventured out on her own with no money, no job, and no plan. Jane was constantly fighting to overcome the obstacles that stood in her way: a repressive family, a low social class standing, no wealth, and sexism. She overcame Mr. Brocklehurst’s oppression, refused St. John’s proposal, knowing that it was wrong to marry him, and only married Mr. Rochester after she received her uncle’s inheritance. As a result of inheriting the money, Jane became Rochester’s financial and social equal. Mr. Rochester was also blind at the time of their marriage, which meant that the typical roles had been reversed; the male was dependent on the female, rather than the female being dependent on the male. Rochester looked to Jane to be his eyes and to take care of him (Bronte 515). Jane didn’t do what was easy; she did what was right, moral, and what she knew to be best not only for her, but for everyone. Despite the ways of the era and the way that women were perceived, Jane wanted to be independent and strong. She spoke her mind and gave her opinion despite most people not wanting to hear it. Jane Eyre has brought inspiration to many women throughout history with her strength and independence and will continue to do so for many generations to come.

A humble people

List the positive and the negative things Bingham says about the British. In the text are positive and negative things said about the British. Bingham is of the opinion that the positive things about British are that they are Imaginative and original, permissive and that they are at least not French. But he also believes that there are many bad things too. Firstly, he mentions that there are problems in society. Secondly he says that there is a lack in education. Additionally the managers and politicians combine worse attributes like greedy, incompetent and sleazy. And finally other bad things about British is according to Bingham that they hate their weather, the public services extremely bad, the house prices are very high, the roads Jammed, the football team not so good and that they drink to much. b) How does the author view multiculturalism in Britain today? Describe how, according to him, multiculturalism was different in the past. The authors view is that multiculturalism In Britain today causes less difficulties than in the past. He mentions that some people say that multiculturalism causes problems because of racial and religious tensions (1. 27-28) but he is convinced that this wont be a new challenge if it exists. According to him, multiculturalism in the past was always combined with bad manners like a sword in the belly (1. 31) in the age of the Vikings or bonfires, stakes and heretics (1. 32) in the sixteenth century. 2. Analysis Examine the style of the text think about *tone and *irony. Describe the effect on the reader. The author makes use of formal language but also incorporates colloquial elements. He is distinguished by his eloquence. Combining an elevated style with colloquial language gives a comic effect. The text varies in the use of simple and complex sentence construction. The text is written in an ironic style and contains many ornamental epithets. The text contains many comic elements. The tone of the text Is humorous. The vocabulary Is extensive. Essay about A humble people By Pantapon 1 . Comprehension opinion that the positive things about British are that they are imaginative and jammed, the football team not so good and that they drink to much. The authors view is that multiculturalism in Britain today causes less difficulties than because of racial and religious tensions (1. 27-28) but he is convinced that this wont ornamental epithets. The text contains many comic elements. The tone of the text is humorous. The vocabulary is extensive.

Leadership when chance occurs the effects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leadership when chance occurs the effects - Essay Example â€Å"A leader is a person who has a vision, a drive and a commitment to achieve that vision, and the skills to make it happen† (Reh, 2010). Given the enormous demerits of the conventional practices worldwide that have resulted into unsustainable development, pollution and global warming, people require a change and leadership addresses their concern. Very few people are actually accoutered with adequate knowledge of what leadership is, what to talk of the number of people who actually practice it! A vast majority of people confuse leadership with management. In fact, the former is an effort towards change, and the latter, towards sound administration of what already exists. One of the biggest hurdles in the way of effective leadership is lack of trust among the followers. Owing to the political upsets that have affected the contemporary society all over the world, people have lost confidence in their leaders. Their lack of confidence declines their sincerity with their leaders and ultimately, this results in lack of compliance with the instructions and guidelines provided by the leaders. Followers’ lack of trust in their leaders has also got a severely negative influence on the economic stability and strength of a nation. For example, let’s look at this matter in the context of an organizational setup. When subordinates do not have confidence in their leader, they tend not to trust him/her. In such circumstances, when a leader passes on an instruction, the followers analyze the instruction with respect to all possible repercussions before acting according to it because they are not sure if the leader was watchful of all possible consequen ces that could be unfavorable for the followers in any way. The followers’ analysis of the leader’s instruction consumes time and the process experiences delays. All this time goes unproductive and the organization incurs additional administrative and management costs

Book Analysis The End of Blackness by Debra. J Dickson Essay

Book Analysis The End of Blackness by Debra. J Dickson - Essay Example (Jayne O. Ifekwunigwe, 2004) The notion of "blackness" has to be refurbished if black Americans are to countenance the future with confidence. For too long, the writer argues, blacks have tried to mangle shame and get endorsement from whites, when they ought to be striving for black excellence despite of white opinion. If you think you know what comes after that a request for blacks to drag themselves up by their boot-straps and totally join in mainstream American society - you're right, fairly. Even though Debra Dickson gives emphasis to black accountability and intra-community black fortify, her endeavor is not to disembowel fellow blacks for their supposed failings. Nor does she allow whites off the hook. Their racism against blacks, she assert, "has been defined out of existence and repackaged so that whites retain its perks. It has undergone existential plastic surgery." Therefore, she concludes, "many whites believe that nonwhites have no right to criticize them since whites are superior and alone respons ible for the success of America." (Jayne O. Ifekwunigwe, 2004) For more or less anyone recognized with any kind of political ideology, Dickerson's analysis is a sour pill to swallow. Sorry to say, the book tops out at just that.

Financial Instruments disclosure Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 12000 words

Financial Instruments disclosure - Dissertation Example Transparency allows the users to view the implication and results of judgments, estimates and decisions undertaken by the management of an organization. Full disclosure of financial instruments refers to the exposure of all the necessary information followed while taking decisions, which would provide the investors with reasonable assurance and belief on the activities performed by the organization. Financial Statements and instruments published and issued by an organization must be comparable both with the industry standards and cross-sectional among firms over a given period of time (Pownall and Schipper, 1999, pp. 259-280). Eccher and Healy (2000), Gelb and Zarowin (2002) and Lang, Ready and Yetman (2003) investigated the relationship between accounting quality and share prices. Lang, Ready and Yetman (2003) stated from the research evidence that cross-listed firms as compared to non-cross-listed firms have higher accounting quality as the accounting data of cross-listed firms are more highly associated with price (Lang, Ready and Yetman, 2003, p.375). The relationship between share price and accounting quality is also found in different market segments around different culture, since share prices are affected by the financial disclosure of an organization. Gelb and Zarowin (2002) examined the relationship between the level of corporate disclosure of financial instruments and stock prices. This study found that organizations with more financial instruments disclosure attain higher Earnings Response Coefficient [ERC’s] (i.e. greater price information) in future as compared to organizations with less disclosure (Gelb and Zarowin, 2002, p.33). A controversial issue related to financial instruments is its valuation at fair value. Although fair value accounting is considered to be the most relevant information for predicting future cash flows, yet the reliability of the fair value measures has been questioned (Hitz, 2007, pp.323-362). Barth (1994) investig ated and found how disclosed fair value estimates of investment securities of bank, and gains and losses of securities are reflected in share price on being compared with their historical cost (Hassan and Mohd-Saleh, 2010, pp. 246-247). 1.1 Disclosure of Non-Proprietary Information Proprietary information is a type of information whose disclosure affects a company’s future earnings potentially and is beneficial to the shareholders occasionally (Dye, 1985, p.123). Managers are generally reluctant to disclose non-proprietary information about financial instruments since they feel that such disclosure may affect the annual earning and the share prices of the company (Dye, 1985, p.124). As market value of a company’s shares is affected with disclosure, so the shareholders may try to implement incentive contracts which encourage managers to suppress unfavourable information and release that information which could lead to rise in the market value of the shares. In this cont ract, when the investors are

Assessing a Student Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Assessing a Student - Personal Statement Example Based on the assessment table above, the average score for the student is 2.67. The scores from the able reflect that there are areas that the student needs support. These include problem solving skills, self-engagement, initiative taking, and decision making. In this case, the strategies that a teacher should adopt include understanding the individual needs of the students, making sure that the students know what is going on in class, and encouraging students to participate in class activities. In the case of this student, differentiation is important since he seems to be a below average student. In order for the teacher to improve the performance of the student, he should set different tasks for the student based on the performance of the student. Moreover, the teacher should set different open-ended tasks in order to assess the abilities of the student at different levels. The different forms of formative assessments that the teacher should use to gauge the performance of the student include questioning, discussions, peer/self-organizers, think pair share, and constructive quizzes. May, K. (2005). Teaching Strategies for Asperger Students. Retrieved from

Hazardous Waste Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hazardous Waste - Essay Example The site initially belonged to Hooker Chemical who later sold it to Niagara Falls School Board for $ 1 in 1953. Hooker Chemicals were using the site for burying toxic waste. By the time of selling the site, Hooker Chemicals had buried 22,000 tons of toxic waste that they revealed in the sales agreement. However, construction projects and rainstorms on the site released the waste causing an environmental disaster. As a result, the inhabitants overflowed in to the waste. This characterized the infamous Love Canal case (Stoss and Fabian 1). The Ivory Coast case took place in 2006 at the capital city of Ivory coast, port of Abidjan. A tanker ship chattered by Trafigura oil and commodity shipping company disposed a 500 tone waste mixture of fuel, caustic soda, and hydrogen sulfide in the city. A local Ivorian contractor dumped the mixture around the city. Although Trafigura denied transportation and knowledge of improper disposal of any toxic waste, the gas emissions from the hazardous waste claimed 17 lives and injured many. As a result, the oil company paid $ 198 Million for cleanup to the Ivorian government in exchange of liability of prosecution (Amnesty International 1). In the Love Canal case, the government and Hooker Chemical were at fault. All these parties were aware of the eminent danger posed by the buried waste chemical yet they did nothing to avert the crisis. The US government had to relocate 800 affected families and indemnify them for their homes. The Occidental Petroleum paid fines worth $129 million for the Love Canal case. In the Ivory Coast case, the Trafigura Oil Shipping Company, the local Ivorian contractors were at fault for improper disposal of hazardous waste. Trafigura Oil Company paid $ 198 Million to the Ivorian government for clean up though it denied liability for dumping. The local Ivorian contractor got a 20 years jail sentence for improper disposal. The Comprehensive

Information Systems in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Information Systems in Business - Essay Example In the past for example, most of the business and offices used to maintain physical files, which required a lot of space and paperwork not withstanding the numerous risks involved such as theft and misplacement of files, destruction by environmental factors such as water, fire, and dust among others. The process of accessing the files was also tedious and it consumed a lot of time especially in departments such as accounting, government registries, and the banking sector. In a matter of time, these filing systems have become obsolete after the invention and accessibility of information technologies such as networking and spreadsheets among other applications, which have resulted to the availability of services such as the Automated Teller Machines, electronic money transfer, mobile banking and cloud computing among others (Peppard 39). For these reasons, it is imperative for businesses to have an effective strategic systems planning (SSP), which helps entrepreneurs and businessmen to identify the current and future trends in information systems and make recommendations on the best approach to tackle and anticipate technological shifts (Peppard 28). One of the advantages of SSP is that it enables a business to introduce change as where and when it is required instead of waiting until other competitors have upgraded their systems under which circumstance customers may be compelled to invest or buy products from the competitor. In this context, with an effective SSP, the business is able to maintain its customers and if the changes are implemented fast, the business stands the chance to gain more customers. This is more so because SSP also involves customers, who are represented by a customer representative in the project planning team and therefore, it is guaranteed that the final product is acceptable to them and i s also feasible to the business (Peppard 53). Strategic system planning is also essential in that it enables the

Explain an Evaluate the Principal Features of Adam Smith's Treatment Essay

Explain an Evaluate the Principal Features of Adam Smith's Treatment of Value and Distribution - Essay Example He agreed with government expenditure on public goods, such as, enforcement of the law, infrastructure and security. He also acknowledged what he thought to be drawbacks in development of economy, whether they were in the form of public spending or taxation except only the taxation of value of the land. He also put into consideration the relation between price and value. His conclusion was that that the cost of production is equivalent to the price of the product. He reasoned that when the quantity supplied to the market is enough to meet demand in the market and no extra, then the selling price may be said to be either near or exactly to the natural price, which is the cost of production1. He took this result as an outcome of market bargaining. Adam Smith argued that in a stable economic system and evaluation; many people would react to the enticement of earning extra specializing in their production. These people without intervention of the government they would be of significant v alue in industry and this will make the economy to be more productive and wealthy2. Adam based his argument on that by protecting specific producers will result to inefficient production and hence there will a rise in price. He asserts that when people are trading they value what they are going to buy in comparison to purchased goods’ value. ... The prices will be used to estimate and compare the value of the commodities. Adam Smith allowed for the difference of speed and skill a person has in doing a certain job. He argued that value based on demand is totally subjective. This is because some individuals will pay more amounts on a certain commodity while others will pay less on the same commodity. Smith’s analysis on value should be is considered under circumstances as one of his main purpose. He would make sure that workers were safe from being exploited by their self-interested employers who their main concern was to maximize profits, and hence paying his employees low wages. Given this situation, Adam said, the quality of output will be uniform to the labour they have used. He tried to uplift society significantly, by putting emphasis on free enterprise. He recommended that in a free market each individual is directed in making decisions by an imperceptible hand. This unseen hand guides people to formulate decisio ns that are of importance to the people and society at large without its knowledge. Every person labours so that he or she may provide revenue to the society. The person might not be intending to promote the interest of the public neither does he or she know by how much he has promoted it. The invisible hand is the one which makes the person to promote some part which was not of his objective. By chasing his personal interest he regularly improves that of the society more effectually and efficiently than when he had the intention to support it. In the theory of Adam Smith of how the economy is interrelated he shows how industries and labours function, and the way each one plays a crucial part in the production of goods in the industry3. The

Video games rivalry Essay Example for Free

Video games rivalry Essay Introduction The video games industry faces an entirely new rivalry situation. After 11 years of leadership, Sony has nearly lost its strong positions on the market, which gives the other two players – Microsoft and Nintendo the chance to compete for the leadership. While the goal of Nintendo is to stay in the industry, Sony and Microsoft aim to strengthen their positions on the home entertainment market, which is constantly growing. The key factors, the companies need to consider in order to gain a competitive advantage, are good marketing and well developed distribution, as well as providing a huge range of games with recognizable characters. As the market segmentation increases, it is of crucial importance to put an emphasis upon the new target groups and reqruit as many new players as possible. However, there are also a lot of factors outside and inside the industry, which play a major role and have to be considered in order to become a better idea of the state of the industry, and to estimate its profitability and tendency of growing. Summary of macro-environmental analysis Stricter legislation both advantageous and disadvantageous for the video games industry is expected. As governments become more concerned about the increasing violence among teenagers the control of video games content is strengthened. On the other hand the laws against piracy aim to reduce the number of the illegaly copied games. With the rise of the prices of everyday goods, petrol, etc. , while salaries don’t go up as fast, the disposal income declines and for many entertainment becomes a luxury good. People are not willing to spend as much on it as they used to. However, as the average age of the video games players goes up, there are more players with own incomes, who are able to buy more games. The industry is expexted to grow due to the fact that, as surveys of the NPD Group show, kids spend more time playing and the hardcore gamers spend an avegare of 45 hours per week playing video games. On the other hand the growth prospecst are dampened by the increasing concerns of the parents about their children being too inactive and spending more time playing video games than playing sports or taking part in other activities. However, there is also a tendency of video games being increasingly regarded as an entertainment for the whole family. The future growth of the industry is theratened by the declining birthrates. Teenagers are the main consumer and less teenagers in the future means less games sold. This effect is compensated by the fact that the avarage age of the video games players goes up. Video games reach a broader audience and more adults and even elderly people start playing. The technological progress is beneficial for the growth of the industry as the the producers are able to constantly improve the quality of the games and include new features and functions to the consoles. However, this causes higher costs and also the time needed to develop a new game grows. The growing awareness of environmental issues has also an impact on the video games industry. The implementation of eco-friendly technologies and the constant growth of energy prices cause an increase in the cost for manufacturing of the consoles and the DVDs. Overall, the video games industry is expected to grow faster than average industry growth rates, particlularly due to the socio-cultural trends and the constant technological progress. Summary of industry analysis Due to a range of factors, which make it difficult for a new company to take part in the video games industry, the threat of new entrants is low. First of all, the industry is characterized by huge ecomonies of scale, as the producers need to sell great numbers of games in order to make a profit. Second, the capital requirements are very high because of the increasing costs of games development and consoles manufacturing. It is also costly for the customers to switch to a new producer, because this would mean they have to buy a new console. Suppliers pose a medium level of threat. The main reason is the crucial importance, which their input has for the final product. Also the costs for the input are high relatively to the total purchase. However, the concentration of the suppliers is relative low as they are many video games publisher but just three producers of consoles. Threat of forward integration exists as well, due to the fact that some of the big publishers of video games have the ressources to try to enter the industry. Although there are some substitues for video games and the differentiation is fairly low, buyers don’t have a lot of bargaining power. Their concentration relative to the industry is low and they have to face high costs if they want to switch to one of the substitutes (buy a computer for example). To have the newest console or play the latest games is considered to be a sign of â€Å"coolness† at school, so strong incentives for buying exist. The power of substitutes is considered to be low to medium. The biggest threat comes from computer games. Due to the fact that almost every family possesses at least one computer, computer games are a cheaper alternative to video games as one doesn’t have to buy the console. However, the lack of multiplayer function impairs their perfomance, especially when video games are regarded as a family or group activity. The switching costs are high as well and the buyer propensity to switch is fairly low, particularly for buyers, who are addicted to playing video games. The video games industry is charaterized by medium rivalry, which is getting more intense lately. The industry grows slowly as they are three establishes players, that compete among each other and every one of them try to outsell the others and become the market leader. The rivalry is enchanced by the low level of product differentiation and the high fix costs of the manufacturing of the consoles. However, the rivalry is reduced by two major factors: the switching costs for the buyers are high and there is a lack of understanding of the technological differencies of the consoles, because of their complexity. As a result of the stage of these five forces in video games industry, the industry is considered to show a relatively high level of profitability. Interconnections and interrelationships between the two analyses There are several interconnections between the macro-environmental analyse and the industry analyse that can be found. Mostly the macro-environmental trends have an impact on the forces, which determine the profitability of the industry. Sticter regulation of the video games content limits the scope of games a new company can present to the market while trying to enter the industry and make this more difficult for them. The increasing licensing fees for the exclusive rights to intellectual property of media companies or sport organisations are addtitional obstracles for entering the industry as they enhance the capital requirements. Economical factors such as decreasing disposalble income have also an impact. People start searching for cheaper substitutes so the power of substitutes for video games grows. The bargaining power of buyer becomes higher as well, as buyers condition their purchases on the price-performance ratio of the product. As the number of video games players goes up, the demand for a larger library of games rises. This leads to an increase in the power of suppliers due to the fact that the producers need them to develop more new games and develop them faster. With the rapid advance of new technologies it is to be expexted that new substitutes for video games will be introduced to the market for enertainment in the near future. Thus, the power of substitutes will rise, as well as the bargaining power of buyers. The growing rivalry in the video games industry prompts the companies to improve their products, sell them cheaper and expand their target group. As a result video games become amore attractive kind of entertainment for a broader audience. Recommendations With the competition in the video games industry getting more intense, the next steps of the players become of crucial importance for their positioning on the market. Due to the low product differentiation, the next market leader will be the platform provider that manages to offer much more different gaming experience. Furthermore the extra features of the consoles have to be further developed, as the producers aim to establish the consoles as the central tool for any kind of home entertainment, not just for video games playing. Important issue regarding the extra features is the fact that many of the users are not aware of them, so more information and communication with the customers is required. The companies have to learn by the mistakes of the past and try to avoid making them again. It is of significant importance to develop a much larger library of games before the introduction of the next console, as this was proved to be a major factor for success in the past. Another factor that needs to be considered is a better control of the games and their distribution, as well as perfectly realised marketing campaigns. As the video games audience becomes broader, the companies should make an effort to reqruit new players from the new target groups: females and older people, by creating a greater range of games, directed towards the interests of these players, and more intensive advertising. The new image of the video games as family entertainment has to be extended as well. The possible entrance in the industry of some of the big games publisher creates opportunities for establishing of alliances. An alliance between one of the platform providers and a major publisher will give them a very strong position on the market and a sustainable competitive advantage. Thus, they will have the best chances to become the new leader of the industry.

Music Concert Report Essay Example for Free

Music Concert Report Essay The highly respected jazz trio made up of pianist Bill Charlap, bassist Kenny Washington and drummer Peter Washington played for about an hour an a half. Their smooth melodies and precise playing worked perfectly together to give a great performance against the New York City skyline at Dizzys Club Coca-Cola. The trio opened up the show with a song called â€Å"Ill Remember April†. The song was originally written in 1941 by Gene de Paul (Wilson, McElrath, Tyle). â€Å"Ill Remember April† first performance was in a very atypical setting. The song was not performed in a Broadway play or Jazz Club but rather the 1942 comedy Called Ride Em Cowboy. Actor Dick Foran sang the song in what a critic at the time called, â€Å"I’ll Remember April’ was an oasis of sanity in the madness† (Wilson, McElrath, Tyle). Although an odd start the movie Ride Em Cowboy proved to be significant in the Jazz community for another reason as well. In the movie the famous jazz vocalist Ella Fitzgerald appeared in her first film role playing an employee at the dude ranch named Ruby (Ill Remember April (1941)). â€Å" She projected a light, frothy, easy-going humor† in her performance of â€Å"A-Tisket, A-Tasket† (Ill Remember April (1941)). This movie brought out just how significant jazz music was at the time because it made a mediocre film come to life. This was not Gene De Pauls first time creating a brilliant jazz song. The pianist, composer and arranger had written many songs before for Hollywood films and Broadway shows such as â€Å"You Dont Know What Love is† and â€Å"Star Eyes† (Ill Remember April (1941)). He had worked with many lyricists before but on this particular song Gene de Paul worked with his friend Don Raye and Patricia Johnston (Ill Remember April (1941)). The lyrics portrays two distant lovers remembering the past and have a close connection with Dorothy Fields â€Å"The Way You Look Tonight† (Ill Remember April (1941)). The song entered the pop charts in the spring of 1942 after being recorded by Woody Herman and his Orchestra. The song did not catch on quickly because it differed in many ways from the typical pop song of the time. The melody and form separated â€Å"Ill Remember April† the most from other music of the time. Songs of the time usually followed an A-A-B-A form, repeating a lot giving it a catchy tune. â€Å"Ill Remember April† however, used a 48-bar A-B-C-D-A-B form making it seem long and dragged out compared to other popular jazz songs. Wilson, McElrath, Tyle) â€Å" Beboppers Charlie Parker and Bud Powell were among the first to explore the song’s unconventional structure, followed by an influential 1950 recording by Red Norvos trio with Tal Farlow and Charles Mingus† (Ill Remember April (1941)). The actually musicality of the song is quite complex with many chord changes and key changes. The song starts off in G but has a â€Å"false key change to Bb major during the first eight measures of the bridge† (Wilson, McElrath, Tyle). The tone of the song is major it moves rather step wise throughout. The chord progression of the song is a twist and turn roller coaster taking you from a G to a E major back to the G then to a D7. This is important because it allows for many different substitutions of chords and improvisations. (Wilson, McElrath, Tyle) One of the most important and defining elements in Jazz is improvisation. It is expected that during any jazz performance one or more musicians will improvise. Improvisation is so common that most of the time a musician will not perform the same piece the same way twice. However the freedom given to jazz musicians does come with some boundaries. â€Å"Ill Remember April† gives much leeway to improvisation as long as they are â€Å"chosen carefully so as to at least imply a logical harmonic progression† (Wilson, McElrath, Tyle). Typical jazz instruments are the saxophone, clarinet, flute, vibraphone, trumpet, piano, guitar, banjo, tuba, double bass, bass guitar, vocals, trombone and drum kit. The size of the band can vary greatly in jazz however from an ensembles which can have as little as two people to big bands that can have as many as 30 people. The Jazz show that I saw was a trio including a pianist, bassist and drummer. The setting in which I saw â€Å"ll Remember April† performed is much different then the setting I would have seen it in 1942. I saw the song be performed in a rather fancy evening setting at a Jazz Club where there was dinners and drinks being served. The club was modern and well designed. The backdrop behind the performers was a large window outlooking part of the New York City skyline. Around 75 people went to the club to watch a well respected trio play their rendition of â€Å"Ill Remember April†, as well as several other songs. In 1942 I would not have been able to go to a club one night and be served dinner as I listened to a band play the song. At first the only way to hear the song was in the movies it was featured in. The song was featured in the 1942 film Ride em Cowboy as I had mentioned earlier, it was also in the 1942 movie Strictly in the Groove and was again featured in the 1945 movie Eve Knew Her Apples. It is not until later that I would have been able to sit down at a jazz club or concert hall to see the piece be performed. Anita Boyer recording of â€Å"Ill Remember April† appeared on the album The nat King Cole Trio: The MacGregor Years 1941-1945 disc 4 (Wilson, McElrath, Tyle). Since then â€Å"Ill Remember April† has been recorded hundreds of times by various artists throughout the years. â€Å"The song’s unconventional characteristics became assets, and it found favor as a bop vehicle† (Wilson, McElrath, Tyle). Each performance of â€Å"Ill Remember April† takes on its own identity according to the performer. Artists have put their own twists on the song sometimes even implying a â€Å"Latin-feel† or they have stuck close to the original. The aspect of flexibility while maintaining the same brilliant theme makes â€Å"Ill Remember April† so exciting making artists recreate the classic for years. Before going to the concert I listened to â€Å"Ill Remember April† performed by Charlie Parker. Charlie Parker was an extremely influential jazz saxophonist. He recorded â€Å"Ill Remember April† on July 5, 1950. While having the same melody Charlie Parkers version of â€Å"Ill Remember April† and the Bill Charlap Trios version differed greatly. The biggest difference was the use of instruments. The Bill Charlap Trio did not include a saxophone. I had expected to hear a saxophone so at first it took a second for my ears to adjust when the Bill Charlap Trio began to play the song. I personally preferred the saxophone. I thought it gave the song a very demanding tone catching the audiences attention while at the same time it gave the song a very magically, flowing feeling. The saxophone was also backed up by other instruments like the piano which gave it a full rich sound. The piano, bass, and drums of the Bill Charlap Trio also gave a good performance however I felt it lacked a clear â€Å"lead† instrument how the saxophone did for Parkers rendition. One aspect I did like more in the Bill Charlap Trios version was the elongated piano solo. Solos are very important in jazz music and they occur often. Solos give artists the opportunity to improvisation keeping the piece fresh and giving it an element of surprise. Throughout the Bill Charlap Trios performance there were many solos. In â€Å"Ill Remember April† it was the pianos time to shine. I enjoyed the solo because it showed off Bill Charlaps talent and kept the piece exciting. An interesting aspect of his solo was he included a verse from Dorothy Fieldss â€Å"The Way You Look Tonight† which as I mentioned earlier gave inspiration to the writing of â€Å"Ill Remember April†. Overall I enjoyed listening the piece live better than the recording because it allowed the music to â€Å"come alive† rather than just listening to a recording. Going to the concert opened my eyes to what seems to be a whole new world. I was very anxious and nerve about what to expect when I went to the Jazz Club but when I got there I was pleasantly surprised. The music was entertaining and I loved the experience. Looking up the history of the songs continued to spark my interest. It is very interesting to see how music written seventy years ago is still influential and played in modern settings such as a Jazz Club.

Relationship between life expectancy and various factors

Relationship between life expectancy and various factors Many factors have been proved to be related to the life expectancy of people. This paper examines the relationship between the geographical position people live, their genders, per capita GDP and their life expectancy, using the cross-state data in the United States in 2000. In our research, controlling for per capita income and the gender, we find that the geographical position people live in are strongly correlated how long they can live: life expectancy in Hawaii exceeds that in Southern America by as much as four years. Also, based on our research, the females in the States typically live longer than males by five years. These coefficients are significant. 1 Introduction Academics and medical experts have long been curious about what factors will affect the local life expectancy and health. Academics hold different opinions towards this question. Some scholars, using a cross-country, time-series data on health and income per capita, showed that wealthier countries tend to be healthier (Lant Pritchett and Lawrence H. Summers)  [1]  ; some scholars suggest that particular air pollution may be a potential causes for decrease in life expectancy (Jaakko Nevalainena and Juha Pekkanen)  [2]  ; some scholars have found some diseases correlated with life expectancy, such as Obesity (A. Peeters, J.P. Mackenbach, L. Bonneux)  [3]  . However, previous research does not answer the simple question that when the productivity and per capita income is high enough, what is the effect of per capita income on life expectancy. Also they fail to analyze how people living in different geographical positions with comparable income differ in their life expectancy . This is what this paper will focus on. In this paper, we use the state-level data of 2000 from the U.S. Census Bureau and examine the relationship between life expectancy and various factors, including geographical position, gender and local economic conditions, which are denoted by per capita income. Using an OLS method, we found that the gender and geographical positions strongly correlated with life expectancy. Females in average lives five years longer than males, given other conditions; life expectancy of residents in Hawaii in average is 4 years longer than that of residents in Southern American, including Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, etc. This difference may due to the availability of new medical techniques, the various life styles of different places and the sanitation conditions, which we will not go into the details in this paper. According to our research, the per capita income is not a significant factor affecting the life expectancy across states in the United States, which is contrary to the previous research done by Lant Pritchett and Lawrence H. Summers as mentioned before. Our research shows that in developed countries, the per capita income may not be an important factor in determining the life expectancy, which means the marginal effect of income on life expectancy diminishes. 2 Data and institutional background Life expectancy, by its definition, is the expected (in the statistical sense) number of years of life remaining at a given age  [4]  . The life expectancy in this paper refers to the number of years remaining at birth. Our analysis is based on linked 2000 state-level data from multiple sources. Data on the state-level life expectancy (of female and male) are provided by the U.S. Census Bureau  [5]  , whose mission is to serve as source of data about the United States people and economy  [6]  .Data on the per capita income of all states is from the website of Information Please  [7]  , which is part of Pearson, an integrated education company. The data was computed by Information Please using mid-year population estimates of the Bureau of the Census. To examine the effects of factors other than age and per capita income, we consider the geographical location of people. Intuitively, where people live determines their life style, their diet and the climate around, thus affecting the life expectancy. To figure this effect, we include the geographical location in to our model. However, due to the lack of data, we divide states into 8 groups. They are: Alaska; Hawaii; New England, which includes Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont; Midwest, which includes Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin; West, which includes California, Colorado, Utah, Washington, Wyoming; Middle, which includes Delaware, DC, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania; South, which includes Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North California, South California, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia; Southwest, which includes Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas. We introduce 7 dummy variables to denote these 8 categories. If an observation belongs to a certain category, we denote it with 1, else we set it 0. 3 Methodology Our aim in this paper is to examine the effects of genders, per capita income and geographical location on life expectancy. Among these factors, per capita income is measured by the 2000 US Dollar, while the life expectancy is measured in unite of years. We employ OLS linear regression model to estimate the marginal effect of various factors on life expectancy. Suppose the statistical average years remaining at birth in a certain state is measured by y, and the explanatory variables are vector x. Assume that life expectancy, y is a linear function of our independent variables x, or y=ÃŽÂ ±+xÃŽÂ ²+ÃŽÂ µ, where ÃŽÂ ²is a vector of coefficients andÃŽÂ µis assumed to be conditional independent of x and has a expected value of 0, x is a vector of variables assumed to affect life expectancy. Intuitively, per capita income should have a positive coefficient while the female dummy variable negative. There, using these assumptions and measures, our main hypothesis is as follows. Hypothesis1: an increase in per capita income should be accompanied with an increase in life expectancy. Hypothesis2: being a female means longer life expectancy. Hypothesis3: Living in different part of the United States brings about a different life expectancy. 4 Results 4.1 Descriptive statistics Table 1 provides summary statistics for the main variables in our study. As we can easily figure out from Table 1, the life expectancy of female is much greater than that of males. All the common statistics of females, including mean, maximum, minimum and mean, outperform the males by more than 5 years. Besides, the variation of life expectancy of males among different states, measured by standard deviation, is larger than the females by about half a year. This fact, to some extent, confirms peoples guess that due to more variations in life styles, males life expectancy changes more violently than females. Another fact that we should notice in table 1 is that the great range of per capita income. Ranging from 20856 to 40870, per capita income of different states has a standard deviation of 4512, which accounts for 20% of the mean. Such a great variation suggests that the coefficients may have a relatively small coefficient. Figure 1 is a Box plot of life expectancy for both Male and Female. Visually, we cannot find significant different in variation between these two categories. Most of the observations fall in the right area apart from one observation of male which is significantly below the right area. This observation is the D.C. Since our purpose is to measure the effects of geographical location on life expectancy, we dont have a good reason for deleting this observation from the dataset. As a result, we will keep this sample point and run the regressions. 4.2 Regression results Table 2 provides the regression results for life expectancy, controlling for geographical locations, genders and per capita income. The first set of results in the table use per capita income in 2000, while the second use that of 1999. As we can see from the first column of table 1, using Southwest part of the United States as the base, the dummy variables Hawaii, South, Female are significant under 1% significant level and Middle is significant under 5% significant level. The coefficient of Female is 5.2, which means being a female increases life expectancy by about 5 years, controlling for geographical locations. This accounts for about 7% of life expectancy of males. The difference in life expectancy between male and female may due to their distinct living style. In the United States, men tend to work to support the family, while a large proportion of women remain being a house wife. Higher pressure for men, as well as their more exposure to working place accident, public place crime and unhealthy habit, like smoking and drinking, may contribute to their lower life expectancy. When it comes to geographical location, living in Hawaii is with no doubt better for healthy than in southern American. The difference be tween these two districts may be due to the climate, the living style or some omitted variables, for example, people who like swimming and sailboat may prefer to live in Hawaii. This habit, in turn, makes them healthier than people in other places. Our research has shown that after controlling for per capita income, life expectancy in different parts of the states is different. This suggests a further research on why they differ in life expectancy. When it comes to per capita income, as we can see, in the first column we introduce per capita income of 2000 as explanatory variable, while in the second column we use that of 1999. Neither of these two coefficients is significant, which means in developed countries, income might not be a determinant factor that affects state-level life expectancy. Notice that we are not saying income is not important for individuals who are less fortune, but for statistical average of large sample size, its effects are offsets by the people who are extremely rich. Since it is a cross-sectional dataset, we need to test whether heteroskedasticity exists. Figure 2 are the plot of residuals versus genders. Roughly speaking, the distributions of residuals of both genders seem alike. To confirm this point, we conducted Breusch-Pagan test and the results are presented in Table 3. The chi square is 3.02, which means this is significant under a 10% interval and a weak heteroskedasticity may exist. To exclude this effect, we then conducted weighted OLS regression, and the regression results are similar to that in table1. We present it in table 4. 5 Conclusion In this paper we examine the effects of geographical location on life expectancy, controlling for gender and per capita income. Our research finds that living in different places does contribute to the different in the life expectancy. A more detailed research may be needed to find out why.

Security Dillemma & Ethnic Conflict Essay examples -- essays research

The security dilemma can be used explain and predict ethnic conflict within a given state. Posen’s argument is supported by the belief that the basic tenets of realism provide a clear view of the security dilemma and its relationship with ethnic conflict. I believe the security dilemma in general is largely based in realist theory, and therefore fails to view international relations fairly. I believe that liberalism offers important insight into dealing with conflict that Posen fails to address.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Realist theory believes that one states military improvements are undistinguishable as offensive or defensive, and are seen as threats to another state. This, in turn, requires the opposing state to improve its military to ensure its own self interest. Posen argues that when an empire falls, there will be a power struggle between competing groups, within a state, as a result of the anarchy left by the failing empire. It is argued by Posen that the competing groups variations in the history of their group and whatever military power they may have will threaten other groups, creating a security dilemma, which results in ethnic conflict.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I believe the security dilemma is shaped by realist theory because it presupposes military improvements will be seen as threats. It has been shown that military improvements are not always seen as threats, for example the United States is not threatened by Pakistan having nuclear weaponry. Mutu...

Clear Channel and the Cultural and Socio-Political Ramifications of Med

Clear Channel and the Cultural and Socio-Political Ramifications of Media Consolidation I.INTRODUCTION In 1996, Congress passed the Telecommunications Act thereby lifting restrictions on media ownership that had been in place for over sixty years (Moyers 2003; Bagdikian 2000: xviii). It was now possible for a single media company to own not just two radio stations in any given local market, but eight. On the national level, there was no longer any limit on the number of stations a company could own – the Act abandoned the previous nation-wide ownership cap of forty stations (20 FM and 20 AM). This â€Å"anti-regulatory sentiment in government† has continued and in 2004 the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approved a new rule that would allow corporations to own â€Å"45 percent of the media in a single market, up from [the] 35 percent† established by the 1996 Act (Croteau & Hoynes 2001: 30; AFL-CIO 2004). Companies can now also own both a newspaper and a television station in the same city (AFL-CIO 2004). This deregulation has led to a frenzied wave of mergers – most notably the Viacom/CBS merger in 1999, the largest in history (Croteau & Hoynes 2001: 21). Ownership of the media has rapidly consolidated into fewer and fewer hands as companies have moved to gobble up newspapers, television stations, and radio stations across the country. Perhaps no other company has benefited more from this deregulation than the company which is the focus of this essay – Clear Channel Communications, Inc (CC). The Telecommunications Act and the actions of the FCC paved the way for the rise of this radio industry behemoth. In 1995, the company owned 43 radio stations nationwide. By 2002, it owned 1,239, making it the largest radio company in th... ...in Dubious Times. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. McChesney, Robert W. and John Nichols. 2002. Our Media, Not Theirs: The Democratic Struggle Against Corporate Media. New York: Seven Stories Press. Moyers, Bill. 2003. â€Å"Transcript: Bill Moyers Interviews Larry Klayman.† NOW: With Bill Moyers, July 11. Retrieved November 4, 2004 (http://www.pbs.org/now/printable/transcript_clearc_print.html). Open Secrets. 2004. â€Å"TV/Radio Stations: Top Contributors to Federal Candidates and Parties.† Retrieved October 7, 2004 (http://www.opensecrets.org/industries/contrib.asp?Ind=C2100). Spivak, Laurie. 2004. â€Å"Culture War May find WMD.† Retrieved October 2, 2004 (http://www.alternet.org/story/18090). Turner, Ted. 2003. â€Å"Monopoly of Democracy?† The Washington Post, May 30. Retrieved October 28, 2004 (http://washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A56132-2003May29?language=printer). Clear Channel and the Cultural and Socio-Political Ramifications of Med Clear Channel and the Cultural and Socio-Political Ramifications of Media Consolidation I.INTRODUCTION In 1996, Congress passed the Telecommunications Act thereby lifting restrictions on media ownership that had been in place for over sixty years (Moyers 2003; Bagdikian 2000: xviii). It was now possible for a single media company to own not just two radio stations in any given local market, but eight. On the national level, there was no longer any limit on the number of stations a company could own – the Act abandoned the previous nation-wide ownership cap of forty stations (20 FM and 20 AM). This â€Å"anti-regulatory sentiment in government† has continued and in 2004 the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approved a new rule that would allow corporations to own â€Å"45 percent of the media in a single market, up from [the] 35 percent† established by the 1996 Act (Croteau & Hoynes 2001: 30; AFL-CIO 2004). Companies can now also own both a newspaper and a television station in the same city (AFL-CIO 2004). This deregulation has led to a frenzied wave of mergers – most notably the Viacom/CBS merger in 1999, the largest in history (Croteau & Hoynes 2001: 21). Ownership of the media has rapidly consolidated into fewer and fewer hands as companies have moved to gobble up newspapers, television stations, and radio stations across the country. Perhaps no other company has benefited more from this deregulation than the company which is the focus of this essay – Clear Channel Communications, Inc (CC). The Telecommunications Act and the actions of the FCC paved the way for the rise of this radio industry behemoth. In 1995, the company owned 43 radio stations nationwide. By 2002, it owned 1,239, making it the largest radio company in th... ...in Dubious Times. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. McChesney, Robert W. and John Nichols. 2002. Our Media, Not Theirs: The Democratic Struggle Against Corporate Media. New York: Seven Stories Press. Moyers, Bill. 2003. â€Å"Transcript: Bill Moyers Interviews Larry Klayman.† NOW: With Bill Moyers, July 11. Retrieved November 4, 2004 (http://www.pbs.org/now/printable/transcript_clearc_print.html). Open Secrets. 2004. â€Å"TV/Radio Stations: Top Contributors to Federal Candidates and Parties.† Retrieved October 7, 2004 (http://www.opensecrets.org/industries/contrib.asp?Ind=C2100). Spivak, Laurie. 2004. â€Å"Culture War May find WMD.† Retrieved October 2, 2004 (http://www.alternet.org/story/18090). Turner, Ted. 2003. â€Å"Monopoly of Democracy?† The Washington Post, May 30. Retrieved October 28, 2004 (http://washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A56132-2003May29?language=printer).

Comparing the Books, Destructive Generation: Second Thoughts About the Sixties and The Sixties: Y :: American America History

Comparing the Books, Destructive Generation: Second Thoughts About the Sixties and The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage The preface to Peter Collier and David Horowitz's Destructive Generation: Second Thoughts About the Sixties and the introduction to Todd Gitlin's The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage both try to explain the authors' reasons for writing their books. Both books, based on nostalgia, deal with the good and the bad which have come out of the sixties. However, while Collier and Horowitz describe the sixties more as a time of destruction, Gitlin places more emphasis on the spirited atmosphere which led to the destruction. This destruction they all refer to includes the diminished placement of trust in America, the rising problem of drugs, and the overall havoc created throughout the country. Therefore, the authors give two very different descriptions of the era of which they were all a part. Even in the beginnings of the works, the differences are very noticeable. Collier and Horowitz begin by trying to describe a "summary moment" (Collier and Horowitz 11) of the decade. This "moment" involves a revolutionary group known as the Black Panther Party. The authors seem to criticize this group by commenting on their appearances and their actions in certain events. For example, at a cocktail party, one Panther spit in the face of an army draftee because he brought a black friend from the army home while on leave. When the Panther returned to the party, the people present pretended not to notice that anything had happened. Later, when misunderstandings occurred between two guests at the party which resulted in one of them making a racial remark, anger was fueled in the group and among others who had heard about the event. Collier and Horowitz, when remarking on their reactions, emphasize that while in ordinary times the event would not have caused many problems, during the sixties, people considered it more of a sign that revolution was worthwhile. Perhaps the authors were suggesting that the revolution was created out of exaggerated problems or that those leading the revolution, such as the Black Panthers, did not quite understand why they were leading it. Collier and Horowitz seem imply this belief through the portrayal of the Panthers as uneducated when listening to Genet speak on their behalf: "The Panthers milled around in sullen incomprehension as he talked" (P.12). These tend to be their reasons for why the revolution caused so much destruction. On the other hand, Gitlin begins his introduction by describing his Comparing the Books, Destructive Generation: Second Thoughts About the Sixties and The Sixties: Y :: American America History Comparing the Books, Destructive Generation: Second Thoughts About the Sixties and The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage The preface to Peter Collier and David Horowitz's Destructive Generation: Second Thoughts About the Sixties and the introduction to Todd Gitlin's The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage both try to explain the authors' reasons for writing their books. Both books, based on nostalgia, deal with the good and the bad which have come out of the sixties. However, while Collier and Horowitz describe the sixties more as a time of destruction, Gitlin places more emphasis on the spirited atmosphere which led to the destruction. This destruction they all refer to includes the diminished placement of trust in America, the rising problem of drugs, and the overall havoc created throughout the country. Therefore, the authors give two very different descriptions of the era of which they were all a part. Even in the beginnings of the works, the differences are very noticeable. Collier and Horowitz begin by trying to describe a "summary moment" (Collier and Horowitz 11) of the decade. This "moment" involves a revolutionary group known as the Black Panther Party. The authors seem to criticize this group by commenting on their appearances and their actions in certain events. For example, at a cocktail party, one Panther spit in the face of an army draftee because he brought a black friend from the army home while on leave. When the Panther returned to the party, the people present pretended not to notice that anything had happened. Later, when misunderstandings occurred between two guests at the party which resulted in one of them making a racial remark, anger was fueled in the group and among others who had heard about the event. Collier and Horowitz, when remarking on their reactions, emphasize that while in ordinary times the event would not have caused many problems, during the sixties, people considered it more of a sign that revolution was worthwhile. Perhaps the authors were suggesting that the revolution was created out of exaggerated problems or that those leading the revolution, such as the Black Panthers, did not quite understand why they were leading it. Collier and Horowitz seem imply this belief through the portrayal of the Panthers as uneducated when listening to Genet speak on their behalf: "The Panthers milled around in sullen incomprehension as he talked" (P.12). These tend to be their reasons for why the revolution caused so much destruction. On the other hand, Gitlin begins his introduction by describing his

Are We a Team? Essay

1. What type of team does the new CIO have? What do you see as the key problem with the team? The new CIO has a cross-functional team, the team is including employees from the same hierarchical level but form different departments and expertise. They all working towards a common goal. They are 14 who are regional IT persons and department heads. The problem I fee is that there is lack of cooperation. Everyone seems to be working on their tasks but no one is realizing about the common goal. Moreover, the remarks given by team members show lack of trust and respect. It is difficult to manage the cross-functional team. For this manager have to build a strong communication channel and trust among all the team member so they can achieve their goals. 2. How do you think the team evolved to this low level of cooperation and cohesiveness? In my point of view team evolved to this low level of cooperation and cohesiveness because of poor communication, lack of leadership and selfishness. As most of the team members are thinking about their own achievement not company’s goal. They people didn’t share information to achieve collective goals. Team cohesiveness is defined as the extent to which team members are attracted to the team and motivated. It means every team member has commitment to team activities, support other team members and enjoy team’s success. This team has lack of leadership, as there is no interaction and gap of communication that is why they don’t know about shared goal. The former CIO always agreed with everyone but he didn’t convey shared goals this the main reason that team members are not clear about their goals. The former CIO failed to shape such rules that can helped him to ma ke an effective and productive team. 3. What suggestions do you have for the CIO to help her turn this collection of individual regional and department heads into a top-performing team? Explain. Well as a management student, I will suggest her the following thing so she can make the collection of individual regional and department heads into a top-performing team; I. She has to be clear with her team and provide clear vision, objective and share goals. II. She has to make an effective communication channel so every single member of the team have the same information. III. She has to lead the team with her effective leadership qualities. IV. She  has to make job discerption for every one so nobody can interfere in others work and clear about their role in the team. V. She has to build good relationship with her team so they can trust her and give respect. VI. Last but not the least, she has to make check and balance on every member, so that she can figure out about the performance of individuals and overall as team. I think these are the main point if she focus on these she can get a batter result from her team and they can work together as a team to achieve shared goals.

Positive changes to the communication environment Essay

There atomic number 18 m only positive changes to the chat surroundings which potbelly be do to aliment the communication discipline of chelaren with BSED, and some contribute already been outlined in assessment 2.2 and 2.3. otherwise positive changes whitethorn accept exploitation visual financing in the form of go through cards, makaton signs or up to now pointing to objects when covering. This gives further clarification to our speech and friends a kid with communication difficulties pick up what is being taught or requested of them, which in wring testament prevent some(prenominal) wateriness and misunderstanding which could lead to undesired mien being dis work oned. To assist a nestlings understanding of our instructions, we should also speak clearly and slowly, using sincere term appropriate language in simple sentence structures.Asking the claw to ingeminate what is being asked of them depose benefactor suss out they understand, although in s ome nestlingren they may non have the vocabulary to do this. With those minorren, we could face our request i.e. asking please answer tidy up jackpot be reinforced by picking up blocks and coiffureting them in the box and indicating for the pip-squeak to assist. In middle-ageder youngsterren using create verbally and verbal language, we should again ensure they understand by reading through whatsoever signs or written documents with them, pointing out and explaining either key words and reiterating any importance. Similarly, retentivity for toys and equipment could be labeled with words and pictures, so apiece child knows where items belong when they carry a look to be put away, and also where to decree them if they desire them.Staff, including volunteers could offer regular one and only(a) to one direct support to the child for their communication skills whether this is assistance with reading or phonics. This allows the child to learn in a quieter and less pr essured environment and gives them extra cunning cadence to potentially develop the skills which their peers already have. completely staff should be stipulation extra training and be make much aware of the difficulties that children withSLCN and BSED experience in order to offer extra support successfully.As already mentioned, creating a calmer and quieter environment with fewer distractions plunder help vigorous-nigh people concentrate better, but pull up stakes work exceptionally well for a child who is already easily distrait due to their BSED. Minimal distractions allow the bad to spend more(prenominal) quality succession supporting the child, making it easier to communicate as the child is more foc roled and and then more receptive to learning.In any environment there needs to be clear boundaries and rules, and these need to be made easy to understand and achieve for children of all ages and abilities. A consistent approach to traffic with conflicts regarding rules helps to avoid any misunderstanding for the child. As already mentioned, a child pursuit assistance impart gain this in the way easiest to him or her, and if attention is commonly only prone following nix behavior, then this how the child is likely to behave. authoritative encouragement and praise should be given as often and as emphatic as disconfirming comments as this will help the child acknowledge that approximate doings is just as, if not more so rewarded than undesirable doings.Unfortunately in society there is a brand attached to people with SCLN and/or BSED, and a less than favourable opinion quarter be formed by a child when witnessing how an adult necessitates with a childs behaviour. It is therefore imperative that we orient no discrimination towards a child with SLCN or BSED, nor make them feel any distinguishable or inferior to their peers. All children can benefit from having information exquisite and reiterated especially rules and boundarie s, so this doesnt need to be a direct communication just towards the child with extra needs. If a child is made to feel diametric than their peers in a clanroom, they may controvert to this in a negative direction as it accentuates their extra needs and draws attention to them which may be unwanted.Their reactions may be to become more withdrawn and deliver less pro-social skills, or to parade lush or even aggressive behaviour in order to express their beliefs of upset. A child with BSED and communication difficulties may not understand their work or what is compulsory of them and we must encourage ways of the child asking for help, as well asus pro offering support. genius way to do this inwardly a classroom environment could be to use wreaking cards, with each pupil having a card each, and if they require help they can turn the card over on their desk, so only the instructor can see, avoiding drawing attention to themselves by having to put their hand up and request h elp and reducing any embarrassment they may feel.Simple reward charts work well with most children but need to be realistic regarding expectations and consistent in recognizing achievements. This could be done as an overall class chart or individual charts for each child aimed at limited development areas. The school my 5 year old daughter attends uses a traffic lessen system to acknowledge good and negative behaviour. All children begin with their name pock on green, however if negative behaviour is witnessed then they campaign to amber if the behaviour improves, they move back to green, if it proceeds as negative behaviour then move to red. Each snip a child moves to amber, they lose 5 minutes from their mutanttime, and if on red, they lose their golden free play time on a Friday.If the child is on green all week, they accept a treat on a Friday (usually a sweet, lollipop etc) and for those displaying exceptional firmly work or efforts, a security of merit is given. The children respond well to this as their punishment for negative behaviour is warm (or as near as can be) so they quickly learn to display alternative behaviour. It is important to remember that a child with BSED may not signalise boundaries and the cause and effect of their behaviour or a reward scheme and therefore a tailored approach would be required. Teaching a child with BSED techniques on how to deal with their emotions sooner they reach a crisis point can help the child manage their behaviour and develop their aroused and social skills at the same time as their communication skills.Ways of doing this could allow in teaching the child a way in which to communicate to their key histrion or teacher that they require help or that they are angry or frustrated. This allows the key worker or teacher to support the child before the feelings escalate. Other ways may include component part the child to use a time out facility whereby when the child is feeling intent or angry, th ey go to a quiet corner until they feel calmer and mortal can support them.Using play or activities which the child has a specialised hobby in (or even using favourite toys or characters within the activity) will help the child maintain their interest and allow them further opportunities to interact, increasing their communication and social skills.Finally, reiterating the days timeline can help children understand what is happening following or when certain activities will take place. Many young children have midget concept of time, and for a child who is upset and finding it difficult to conform to the boundaries within the setting, it may help them feel more at ease and less anxious if they know what to expect next. The timeline could be restate verbally or simple pictures could be displayed to show what activity will be happening soon i.e. lunchtime (a picture of a sandwich and drink), outdoor play (picture of trees and a ball) or home time (a picture of a coat).Many diff erent ways can be implement but they may require a lot of time, and a great deal of extra effort from staff before a child begins to display any positive changes and this should be taken into history before deciding that a specific strategy appears to not be working.

Lab Safety Paragraphs Essay

Splash Goggles:Safety is by far the most important thing when working in a chemical laboratory. There what are over thousands of injuries that occur each year how that are partially non-preventable, but a great majority are preventable many accidents that could have been solved with simple lab safety. One of the most critical pieces of lab safety would how have to be wearing eye protection. right Eye protection could save your vision and right eye protection should be worn at all times regardless if an experiment is being conducted or not.Every argumentative essay needs to depend on a subject that may be debated.They are more necessary when your TA requires you to abrasive wear them. They will protect you from chemicals, great but they do not offer permanent protection extract from chemicals. Following suit, gloves, like naked eye protection, come in many different forms, which can include, big but are not limited to the following: liquid latex gloves, neoprene gloves, etc. Glove s consider also come in different lengths depending, once again, on the situation wired and experiment being conducted.There is A profile article regarded to be the absolute most challenging article to write with click all information and the resources, it turns into a short walk in the park.

Long pants are crucial in a lab because they will prevent chemicals from getting splashed on to our skins and possibly causing a burning feeling. Only long pants and coats are strictly needed good for clothing because other loose clothing such as shorts, skirts, etc. are much more likely to easily good catch fire, or be dragged through chemicals, or last even tangle up in moving equipment.Closed toe shoes:Many of the many labs in chemistry involve dangerous substances that could cause much harm to our skin.Based on the freedom youve been given you can opt for a subject that youre comfortable own writing about.If broken glass pieces get on your exposed feet, how there is a high chance of injuries happening. Whereas if second one wears closed toe shoes, even if shattered glass last fell on our feet, they would be protected.Lab Coat:A lab coat is another good essential safety issue when working in the lab. In the chemistry lab we will be cold working with many substances, many of which are toxic logical and could easily get on our skin and clothes.You will must have to approach this problem by evaluating various sources to back up your evidence self generating and collecting.

Reading resources are provided in internet platforms and libraries.It is possible to go into supporting information inside the body of your essay, and dont tell us everything all.Recycling reduces the total number of crap in our surroundings.Theres also.

Safety at the job force is a significant part that numerous organizations of the real world of today disregard.When writing about an individual whos logical not well known about an instance of a profile introductory essay include details that will allow your reader to acquire an idea.Discover to reread and edit your new job after it appears to be finished.Every sentence has to have a verb and a subject.

Indian Telecom Industry

toll fight in Indian telecommunicationmunicationmunicationmunicationmunicationmunicationmunicationmunicationmunicationmunicationmunicationmunicationmunicationmunication industriousness An schoolmanian heading submitted by students of eEPSM at IIMK eEPSM -02 disciple distinguish envelop human application Amitabh Kumar Patnaik eEPSM-02-003 Balasubramaniam T eEPSM-02-006 Manmeet Singh eEPSM-02-023 Rahul Mishra eEPSM-02-034 Somashekar Lingaraju eEPSM-02-047 accede of t fitting of contents shelve of confine. 2 administrator epitome. 3methodo lucid analysis 3 The Indian telecommunications persistence. 3 brisk harvest-tide wrestle in the gage.. 3 receipts kick upstairsment and branch.. 4 arrestle of Overcrowding and de margeine con melt rarify industriousness perspectives on foot pass water struggle/ f al angiotensin-converting enzymeing egress. 5 Opinions f mickle storage constancy Stal stir of fightf bets and Watchers. 7 3G on the professional personspect 8 bound offnce at plateful and afield. 8 Conclusions 0 The Indian telecom welkin could be hand erupt the air edge bil both in tout ensembleow counsel. . 10 surmisal on futurity headings of anatomical construction de wetour and proceeding of manu itemuring 10 Who wins who looses? 10 supplement. 13 a strugg take 1 Indian telecom patience secernate Milest aces.. 3 read 2 India telecom cranch Facts and Figures. 15 luff 3 reader tail in chance on soils.. 15 con counter 4 street girl politic radio acquit cross sortsr referee rear break off in India 16 stripe upation 5 proceeding of QoS Parameters for carrelular erratic go .. 17 identify of References.. 17 exe jumpive film manager stocky This muniment is the upshot of an academic subject atomic travel by 18a adopt an stir up to providedt endvas and correspond the present dynamics of Indian telecom patience with supernumerary ci rcumspection on the embody contendf ar in roving telecom that has e trulyplacewhelmed the manufacture. In this reflect we on brand to nip at the ca wonts that atomic consider 82 to the wrong fight, impingement thusce and withal opine proximo write push through with(predicate)s. methodological analysis methodology utilize for the trans figuret theater of trading operations is as fol wiped issue(p)s. We confuse do a primed(p) of possibility and arrived at reveal questions which argon utilise to gather the info in effect(p) n advance(prenominal) the dead reckoning. We cast off hold dead reckoning hich ar guts up by the data and in effect(p) imagines and presented the hypothesis and conclusions. The Indian telecommunications patience The Indian telecommunication assiduity, with or so 506. 04 atomic procedure 53 thousand thousand alert forebode ties (Nov cardinal hundred9), is the triad queen-sizest telecommunication net profit in the institution and the chip ex let confirmingst in wrong of physical body of radiocommunication connections. The Indian telecom constancy is unriv in tot t push through ensembleyed of the ex wad suppuration in the military man and is communicate that India bequeath suck up b palsiedion plus firm users by 2015. exclusion by s invariablyal(prenominal)(prenominal) stellar(a) spheric consultancies is that Indias telecom mesh sustainology go a pennyering grip chinaw ars in the come through(a) 10 ears. lo chipion at the sedulousness mark milest unriva conducts for spill dead 4 to 5 age ( acquaint 1), 2 issues ar web bustling ontogeny and strikement that exit hold to a shake proscribed earlier or later(prenominal)(prenominal). officious return sour in the hoyden For the quondam(prenominal) ten or so, telecommunication activities confine contacted impulse in India. Efforts deal been do from both(prenominal) or ganizational and non- giving medicational plat gains to enhance the foot. telecom as a applied science non singularly answer solely(prenominal) fragments of Indias cultur wholey assorted society, would renovate tell a situation kindly occasion transforming India a field a techno savvy unriv whollyed.The diachronic re adapttlement and the milest aces of telecommunication offspring in India seduce been sh k at unmatchcapable flow rateledge in the submit 1 of concomitant section. Currently, Indias un identifytled yell grocery store is the scurrying cast up in the institution, with com pan bulge outies dealing al good-nigh 16. 67 gazillion progressive guests a calendar calendar month. rough of the cite drivers to the exp principalntial function bug outnce of this assiduity be ?A oversize kingdom ? upset tele recollect set brainstorm aims ? reverse in consumers in pick out and outlay owe to arrogant stinting increment The out harvest and stupendousst manipulator is the express- involve officeh senior BSNL, which is to a fault the s neerthe slightth largest telecom association in the world in depot of its result of reviewers.BSNL was created by corporatization of the ane clock(prenominal) delirium tremens (De e calibertment of telecommunication dishs), a politics whole obligated for syllabusning of ph wizard use. Subsequently, later the telecommunication policies were revise to permit head-to-head meanss, companies a good deal(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as Bharti Airtel , Vodaf hotshot, , Tata Indicom, root word cellular, Aircel and hand-build peregrine watch encip presentd the s stride. In ii hundred8-09, bucolic India outpaced urban India in industrious issue invest. The fit out upsets segment proofreader junior-grade s similarlyd at 37. 16 wizard thousand angiotensin converting enzyme thousand menuinal with a night perish of 0. 13 angiotensin converting enzyme(a) billion ace thousand jillion mavin jillion adept thousand thousand unmatched thousand whizz thousand thousand in Nov 2009, The cellular operators tie beam of India forecasts the rudes unsettled ph adepts ill spot nonpargonil hotshot meg one thousand one one thousand thousand one jillion one thousand jillion trillion by 2013, up from approximately vitamin D million up-to-dately, a discipline functionistic that the turn on is chance radi think fory to radio set hold devices on the CDMA and GSM Platforms. This is the secern trend crossways the democracy, leash by the posits which hold name final stage commercialisation and urbanization ( earn display 3) expeditious proofreader root word in recognize States receipts and suppuration The sum situate a un breakingity receipts in the telecom military suffice domain was Rs. 86,720 crore in 2005-06 as against Rs. 71, 674 crore in 2004-200 5, registering a puzzleth of 21%. The fit investing in the telecom return celestial sp here r for distri merelyively peerless(prenominal)(prenominal)ed Rs. 00,660 crore in 2005-06, up from Rs. 178,831 crore in the old pecuniary. It is unwieldy to visualise amply the traffic voltage of the telecom solid(a)ament b bely the exorbitance of the opportunities ignore be gauged from the fact that at that place were 3. 7 million universal gross profit gross profit margin constitute Offices in declination 2005 up from 2. 3 million in celestial latitude 2004. The pry added serve ( vas) mart wholly at heart the officious intentness in India has the electric potence to win to a wham $10 ace million million by 2010. descent of Overcrowding and hurt fight though Indian telecom grocery store faculty be suppuration speedy, hail a great endure in this extremely emulous switch s non lento for telecom companies. relaxation mien and world(pre nominal)isation perplex with the mart authorisation blazon out for to m for each one an(prenominal) aspirants have in in to the commercialize in slight than 7-8 course of rejections stellar(a) to a bonk throat con mental testingation which manifested in a wrong war. early(prenominal)ime is the attend of organisations that enkindleled the responsibility war in India and net manifestation of this was a major(ip)(ip) dis desegregation in the ARPU of the supple telecommunication exertion itself. overlap / usefulness / aim pseud comment spatial relation nonice or surround bellyache trustingness reliance Infocomm effectuateed supple work in India at 40 paise per indorsement fulfilling Dhirubai Ambanis inhalation o gull a head name expect cheaper than a air mailing in 2003. Chotta accuse field hut hut (Vodafvirtuoso direct) effected the chotta load coupon at Rs. 10 when the worst addendum load table uncommitted was fast ly Rs 50. Whats the heart? operose the expense by 20-30% to the competitors wont religious religious attend to precise much in gaining the merchandise packet. deal cinque quantify cheaper to realise beneath superstars skin an relate. Non-s pate industrious Tata though the chotta reload was closelyly trusdeucerthy , save at that place were issues in pre honorarium unstable. You deal to load regularly as the severity bound is limited. With the reload card of Rs 200, you exit puddle hardship scarcely if for one onth. So preferably an a lilliputian absorb to overtake at least(prenominal)(prenominal) Rs2000 per course for their unstable proficient to receive the accounting systeming adit previses. Tata Indicom launched Non- de problem office industrious, a synopsis where you seizet take up to re bash for 2 age unless cool off get b atomic derive 18(a) entry holler outs. in ill-judged former(a) maneuverers responded to Ta ta Indicoms visualize and then scrape in life daring externalize by any major telecom shammers in India. gene cast gainful for de exactly utter(a) Adding logs to the net stark(a) energetic jumped into the competitive Indian create telecom foodstuff place with the break by- grocery storeing scheme bewilder gainful for entranceway be suck inchs. 10 paisa pardon for all cremate of nethermentioned ejaculate. stock- appease this campaign was non sound genuine. grounds teentsy squall payment credit entry breathing out a find tho (what if one does non get all succeeding(prenominal) call? ) doctrine confabulation launched its GSM function in Mumbai whirl contri providedors Rs 10 talk- duration each stancereal solar day for the primary 90 days. Thats relieve talk-time worth Rs 900 presently passed on to consumer Per arc entropyly direction TATA DOCOMO woofs the promise to the coterminous take Tata Docomo introduced per wink complaint 29 Paisa Per fundamental out Uninor A exclusively radical way of protect invent byes the customer a icy worth for each call heedless of the length , hich is aimed at sweetborn customers who cull considerable calls vas and SMS combine On November 28, RCom overt an a nonher(prenominal)(a)(prenominal) front in the damage war SMS ( mindless load returns). The association unveil both proposals charging one paisa per SMS essence. on a turn extraneous floor the setoff, customers pay Re. 1 a day and argon authorize to communicate an figure of speechless weigh of needy SMS messages. Alternatively, you locoweed spoil a Rs. 11 forbearic voucher and each SMS message leave be merely one paisa. VAS and SMS Tata Docomo Tata DoCoMo has been firmly promoting its one paisa per de nonation aliment SMS device. resembling a shot, it is needful that they and umteen rive competitors result pick up to learn RComs ates. This hold non mean a great drop in taxs agree to captivates, SMS commands in round 5% of tally telecom grosss for Indian companies. s bowl companies back end pedigrees provide inactive be affected. The telecom restrictive authorisation of India (TRAI) has consecrate that each SMS damage the work suppliers less than one paisa, spot they permit been charging customers 60 paise to Re. 1 (dep finish on the send off). patience perspectives on set warf ar/ fall range In June this category, Indian telecom serve up supplier Tata DoCoMo de none that it would history at the rate of one paisa ( much or less 0. 02 cents) per certify. In a food securities diligence that is littered with both(prenominal) streetwalkers and conf use options, we pull up backups digest rest to consumers by creation the aras roughly transp arnt, innovative and liberating telecom brand, give tongue to Deepak Gulati, Tata Tele operate chairwoman, GSM (global body for bustli ng communications) commerce. A a some(prenominal) months later in family it uncover the fast SMS end, one paisa per character with no head for posts amid words. On November 22, it pro languished the one paisa per support plan to roaming usefulnesss overly. When a referee is roaming, most telecom hustlers in India charge a stripped- chain reactor of 50 paise to 60 aise per arc atomic make sense 42, form sur fountain when the call time is less than a mo, Gulati utter in a sign up argument. nether the Tata DoCoMo roaming offer, lecturers volition be aerated single for what he or she uses at one paisa per present moment. For instance, a 15- uphold call do or authentic man roaming bequeath discharge a charge of 15 paise solo non up to Re. 1 on a per routine al-Qaeda, as is the pains norm. We be responding as we did non hap a ingrained selection Bharthi Airtel On October 30, merchandise backsheesher Bharti Airtel took the suck with the one paisa obligation. In November, it lso cut roaming judge to 60 paise per import for calls mysterious abide by out its wampum and 80 paise per minute for calls to hot(prenominal) ne devilrks. On November 24, Bharti took its activate rate oversea U. S. customers using concern cards to halt calls to India would overly be account at one paisa per irregular. The appreciation caller-out was non riant nigh(predicate) these constrained countermeasures and their fateful violation on wampum. The duty war has non been launched by us, Bharti wizard and managing director Sunil Mittal told journalists at the realism economicalal assemblage face-off in Delhi in early November. We responded as we did not bring forth a excerpt.We beget unceasingly verbalize we train never guide on the monetary measure war, save responding to the needfully of the commercialize is about(prenominal)thing that e really bena and effort has to do. Although Bh arti is the securities sedulousness place attr motion, it has never instantly act commercialise percent its centralise has been carry on of patience r tied(p)ues. A cogitation shows that it is retentiveness its own. spot the telecom welkins tax incomes and profits puddle plunged in the rear endn cease kinsfolk 2009, large underground operators such(prenominal)(prenominal) as Bharti Airtel, trust communications (RCom), Vodafone Essar, travelling bag cellular and Aircel carry all managed to increase heir r eveningue trade p offset during this close, fit to the behold embrace. Bhartis tax merchandise grant has increase to 29. 3% as of family 2009, comp atomic number 18d to 27. 6% in June the equivalent year, magical spell Vodafone Essar instanter accounts for 15. 7% of the replete(p) bread of the heavens as against 14. 6% in June 2009. Plunging Revenues On the losing side ar the semi world domain telcom firms Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. (BSNL) and Mahanagar send for Nigam Ltd. (MTNL). On celestial latitude 1, merely, MTNL b outlive its own burst by slue its rank to fractional a paisa per warrant for in- electronic network calls and one paisa per second for calls ade away(p) its network. Our pay-per plan is the closely inexpensive in the patience, give tongue to MTNL chairwoman and managing director R. S. P. Sinha in a press statement when the bracing grade were announce. The hurt wars impact on receiptss is already unornamented. The poisonous tax war that has forced all operators to rag call rig has as easy resulted in the sphere of influences barters figures dipping over the past sextuplet months contempt the accompaniment of 80 million customers in the period. The industriousness clocked to the utmostest degree Rs. 38,755 crore in family 2009, which was impose than the celestial spheres tax revenues in the guide finish celestial latitude 2008, when it degrade Rs. 9,408 crore disdain having cxxv million less customers then. The paper notes that 13 operators ar engagement for dole out in a commercialize that numerous an impudent(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) view sight optimally turn out tetrad or five-spot and iv any(prenominal) to a great extent(prenominal) fakes argon readiness to write surmount the commercialise by close year. At this smudge in time, it is all roughly grabbing reviewers. diligence revenue maturation for the withdraw ending family line 2009 was 1. 7% quarter-on-quarter (Q-on-Q) and 8. 7% year-on-year (Y-on-Y), comfortably impoverisheder than contri notwithstandingor harvest-home at 10. 4% Q-on-Q and 49. 6% Y-on-Y, swears a explanation by rectitude interrogation firm Enam Securities. The warring ntry by bran- reinvigorated GSM players has compelled the incumbents to reluctantly union the responsibility war to defend their securities industriousness sh be. At Vodafone E ssar, for instance, help revenues douse 7% from the June quarter to the phratry quarter. The EBITDA (earnings presentlyer occupy, taxes, derogation and amortization) margin is withal heap from 28. 4% in the starting time half(prenominal) of 2008-09 to 24% in the equivalent period of 2009-10. The decline in the EBITDA margin was to begin with as a result of the intricacy into un in advance(p) atomic number 18as and mart hurt decrease leg by cuticle efficiencies. That this is simply in line with constancy slaying as oted by ETIG, Vodafone has truly by with(p) develop than closely of its competitors on the sh atomic number 18-of-revenue metric. Vodafone has besides checkd the one paisa bandwagon. one(a) paisa per second duty is one of the several(prenominal) tariff options on tap(predicate) to our customers, says Parida. We draw out to in addition offer galore(postnominal) per minute tariff options. Our customers tail assembly force the choice. tolerant a choice is not inescapably pro-consumer. fit to Mahesh Prasad, president of RCom, Indian telecom companies unite wealthy person 2,700 polar explosive charge plans across the nation. On October 5, RCom launched a 50 paise per minute plan called sympathyable nimblely presumption. infra the plan, all calls whether topical anaesthetic anesthetic or grand surpass, to landline or peregrine leave behind court fair(a) instantly 50 paise a minute. Currently, RCom itself has 265 plans. hence antecedent in that location go out be conscionable one plan, verbalize Prasad, though older customers drive be stipulation over a sextette-month period to migrate. on that point atomic number 18 a couple of other unused terra firmas for this brainsick activity. On November 20, TRAI announced that fluid number portability (MNP) would be introduced ascendent on declination 31. This allows users to plump from one advantage provider to another or even fro m one applied science to another. much substantially, TRAI say the level best porting charges would be Rs. 9. This distinguishs operator-hopping quite cheap. MNP go out add to a greater extent than(prenominal) pain to the situation, says Mahajan of KPMG. consort to a report by Anand Rathi fiscal return, the egg on lead lead to depictthe pass judgment racyer(prenominal) than the true 4. 5% to 8. 0% per month at least in the victimize run. The level of delight with emolument providers is low in the Indian telecom space. fit in to a July Nielsen unstable Consumer Insights take away gauging consumer attitudes and behavior towards fluid operators in India, 18% of Indian sprightly environ endorsers plan to change their energetic operator whenMNP is introduced. The study lay out that attrition evaluate would be the mel worst for RCom and Tata Indicom. Opinions from attention Stalwarts and Watchers Overcapacity is a diagnostic of let the cat out of t he bags, say cerebration cellular managing director Sanjeev Aga. At the topic level, overcapacity implies in cost-effective deployment of matter resources ( resembling spectrum) and vertical offers locomote tariffs temporarily. Since June, the untaughts telecom players fix been indulgence in a scathe war that had seen tariffs macrocosm cut down by a large quantum. by and by Tata DoCoMo introduced the one-paise-per-second rate, ther competitors bind had to dramatise suit, mesmerism virtually companies to chance a fall in profitability. Analysts too derated telecom stocks topical anaestheticise the rural areas enlargedgest tariff war that brought down call rank. And, thats not the end. a large with mod capacity, disceptation is pass judgment to examine as modern players with deep pockets annoy a line for what was till last year, one of the Indias smart out ingathering aras. Mr Aga verbalize groceryplaces tend to be unmerciful in lead(a) out th e welkin overcapacity. The greater the overcapacity, the greater the shortsighted-run pain. come on, this is the securities applications way of separating the in effect(p) rom the inefficient, and restoring parallelism. The efficient comm nevertheless e ruffle fonder from the test and ar unchallengeable, he added. The spheres woes began when the governance turn over out recent indorses to players in 2007, notwithstanding not having comme il faut spectrums. Rekha Jain, decision possessr moderate of the telecommunication marrow squash of justice and professor at IIM Ahmedabad, tell When the organisation k raw(a) that an operator requires a token(prenominal) get of spectrum (4. 4 megacycle per second for GSM) to scraping operate, how could it allow everybody to come in? And homogeneous a shot, everybody is telescope up net kit and caboodle. The insurance insurance-making science postulateed contender, save it has created vercapacity, which g o forth lead to integrating. confides rich person added fuel to the ignition finished indiscriminating change. bevel and trafficker financing is supporting(a) overcapacity in the welkin, in spite of the fact that impertinently players plans fancy unsustainable in the wide-term, HSBC Securities and jacket crown foodstuffs analyst Rajiv Sharma verbalize in a recent report. round of the hint operators ar now restructuring their loans, say exertion sources. If that protracts to be the case, t take a shither whitethorn be some swearruptcies in the domain within two days from now, tell a top formalised at a telco on origin of anonymity.A top official at a man vault of heaven bank say telecom has received behind lending because it is an important secern of infrastructure. The authentic state is an straining and leave rack uply correct itself, he opined. HSBCs Mr Sharma, til now, give tongue to The flow rate scenario, with 10-11 players, is u nsustainable and a watching of distressing politics policies. We ar of the view that grocery store place place with 5-6 players is saint in the Indian context. He pointed out that even if the wide-cut spectrum were to be do operable in India, it would noneffervescent be poor to supply to all the players. It whitethorn be more(prenominal) logical to campaign enthronizations in elecom infrastructure, elevate bucolic discernment and hoidenish wideband alternatively than steering on market structure, he added. 3G on the sensible prospect The second big burden on the horizon is the launch of 3G (third generation) go close year. The sell barter for 3G endorses has been delayed. scarce the talk ar postulate to garnish the fiscal deficit. In his budget, pay parson Pranab Mukherjee had estimated that Rs. 20,000 crore would come in by means of the sale of these licenses, so thither is lavish incentive for the venimputableeer to progress during thi s financial year (ending blemish 2010). The diffuse impairment for these licenses has now been fixed at Rs. 4,040 piece. Analysts estimate that Rs. 30,000 crore to Rs. 40,000 crore could come in through the sale. The de servingment of telecommunications proposes to hold the auction on January 14, 2010. An apparent escape of delight in the auction for high-speed 3G and wideband radiocommunication entre spectrum wont stop the judicature from getting bidders to spit up up the currency that it call for to deal got a burgeoning deficit, fit in to credit line routine Mint. Thats because galore(postnominal) likely bidders running 2G run, already scrambling for scarce spectrum to carry unstable headphone calls, desperately want the extra frequencies that go forth come with a 3G license. Analysts say this is the very reason wherefore contradictory companies dont see too kindle in dictation for the 3G licenses. external interest in the form of fellowship in the pre-bid gathering has been low believably on account of two factors, says K. Raman, physical exertion head, telecom, media & engine room at the Tata strategic care root word (TSMG). First, thither are restrictive uncertainties with value to eligibility of 2G spectrum a massive with a f and so oning 3G bid. Secondly, a sharp 3G play whitethorn not be agreeable for operators and would not make as much puzzle understanding as an insure on 2G. Adds AlokShende, principal analyst at Ascentius Consulting A standalone 3G dish out is unconvincing to succeed. The backing go forth start with virtually no consumers, conflicting the current players who give cook the favour of intent 2G customers. jibe to Shende, Indian telecom markets are in all probability to abide a tectonic shift with the ingress of advanced licensees, MNP and the launch of 3G function all plan in the attached one year. radical players allow set up at the market share of the incumben ts and with regulative constraints on M&A activity consolidation, a impact that could harbor absolved the market, go forth be by artificial means estrained. The arcadian markets pass on continue on their reaping trail. Today, but 28% of the contributor substructure is contri single whened by the plain segment. increase at inhabitation and abroad The outlandish market is the other problem area. This is where the evolution is but it is excessively where very little gold sewer be made. agrarian markets are slake under-penetrated at about 15% so on that point is salvage a strong upper side merely on customer rhytidectomy to power, says Parida of Vodafone Essar. The hang-up is that some of the plans dont make money. The fair(a) revenue per user (ARPU) is now down to approximately Rs. 200 a month for the application.In uncouth areas, however, it is estimated to be in look-alike digits. It sure makes it harder to ensure viability, as the spate of users are dispirit-income and less tech-savvy, says Rajesh Chakrabarti, booster professor of pay at the Hyderabad- radixd Indian shoal of tune (ISB). The most(prenominal) celebrated aspect of the Indian telecom revolution, as considerably as its point driver, was the impressive drop-off of evaluate in a short hybridise of time. aspiration among closed-door players was most sure as shooting the observe for this. plainly the work seems to induce been that high-margin intersection points would subsidise approach path.It now seems that most Indian users are unbelievable to use the more sophisticated and high-margin features for a recollective time to come. Nor is the rowifiable handset concordant to most such features. So ARPUs are in all likelihood to bear on low for a long time, and the reviewer whitethorn not behave beyond the most raw material functions. The per-second calculate go forth just turn the on red ink cost war. If expression in t o clownish India doesnt work in terms of immediate returns, thither whitethorn be a resultant in sounding outwards. Indian companies are trying to balance their bets by foraying abroad. If the inexpensive form works there, it could bring some assuagement to the bottom line.The second nuclear fusion tackle amongst Bharti and MTN of entropy Africa may claim die outed (See Now That the MTN amalgamation pile Has Collapsed, Whats neighboring for Bharti Airtel? ), but the Essar conclave (which owns a 9. 9% adventure in cringle telecom, apart from its Vodafone Essar interests) has just bought up Dhabi telecoms Afri provide assets. And the frequent sector MTNL and BSNL are eyeing Zain telecom of Dubai. Indian telecom companies are face at markets orthogonal India to be able to grow revenues at the historic pace they are employ to, says Raman of TSMG. The markets that they watch move to take part are ones here tariffs are relatively high and futurity harv est-feast through lecturer addition is accomplishable. In other words, replicating an Indian determine of telecom harvest-festival is possible in such countries. If movement is handled intumesce, there is no reason to retrieve that such an onrush go away not work. telecom is radicalally a care of scale, says Chakrabarti of ISB. So the large the scale, the sink the be pro rata are spill to be. Hence, venturing abroad would be natural in some sense. It may work, provided the regulatory issues and infrastructural and cross-border running(a) integration challenges can be handled. Chakrabarti sees problems, but he is not pessimistic. The industry should be emergence steady in the eld to come. thither is promising to be a inflame with some consolidation and exits, and place may energise or even rise a bit. What we are perceive is not so bizarre for naked as a jaybird industries swallow the dot com caller-out bubble and bust in the first contour of inte rnet crop when players overshoot on the basis of overoptimistic projections. This may be the time for a realness check and followup for the players as well as regulators. lock up in the long run, the prospects for the industry are quite good. The prox of the industry needfully to be seen across non-homogeneous timelines, says Raman of TSMG. The contiguous six months leave behind see new operators complemental their footprint and at least terce practiced operators launching work in the verdant. each(prenominal) of this points to an piercing physical body of contest and value cuts. performer in the 3G auction, and one would see under par profitability for telecom companies over the side by side(p) six to eighter quarters. The industry could as well expect to see consolidation as much as and as fast as ordinance allows it to overstep. gibe to Parida, the number of players in the Indian market has led to fragmentation, and that eeds to be addressed. We ol factory perception market forces essential be allowed to wealthy person a freer play in India and that forget sure enough lead to a consolidation pattern ahead. telecom, particularly industrious phone, has flex an constitutive(a) part of Indias social and economic fabric. As an industry, it is here to stay. The industry go forth carry on, but not the large number of companies in the fray, jibe to Raman. Operators with annoy to resources through interior(a) accruals or credit lines get out stand to gain from any coming consolidation. Conclusions The Indian telecom sector could be going the respiratory tract way. one time the insurrection star of India Inc, the local telecom industry is now move with the problems of overcapacity created collectible to unregulated lending, new licensing norms and overmuchness seller financing. The reaping is apparent(a) as wandering(a) phones are fit parkland. In a untaught of 1. 15 billion, the spry endorser dwelling house full(a)s about cholecalciferol million wad. modern as well as be operators are expanding infrastructure to redevelopment more mass at refuse tariffs. The aforesaid(prenominal) trend was witnessed in the air travel sector, which has now nose-dived from its flyer in 2007. check to industry estimates, elecom operators are ready with lines to check another 200 million people in the coterminous one year. supposal on prospective trends of structure pay and heavy(p) punishment of perseverance sup line musical accompaniment abstract integration is the only way for however produce and there entrust be less than 5 players in next 3 age ? both Players suffers from fag pose which would pose mechanical press on the players to observe increase the endorser mean(a) ? diligence / grocery store which is close to adulthood cannot support this legion(predicate) players ? only if awkward markets are having lower tele denseness which may intelligiblely show some dominance owever repayable to very little ARPU of country-bred Customers , companies bequeath not be able to achieve revenue targets in all players including the ones which substantiate bountifulness digit yield to equipment casualty war squeeze and allow pose revenue press write and high cost ?already a no-holds-barred toll war has goaded down bursting charge rates to under a cent a minute, strike revenues and profits of market leading such as Bharti Airtel and cartel communications. ? advertising billboards lay down grow everywhere offering new per-second charge plans. Who wins who looses? smart set documentation analysis Bharthi Airtel would take a breather and emerge as a igger MNC ?Having rule the industry for the last half cristal Airtel seems to gain learnt the tricks of the trade and has stimulate the market leader in a short pass over of time. ( see reveal 4) ?Having fitting renewal schedule Airtel has out sourced part union activ ities like IT to armed service providers like IBM, pay gained the core rivet on the product development, furtherance and delivery. federation is too extremely-developed long term sustainability heighten by construction electrical capacity on co-ordinated run oral communication broadcast to supplement on the consolidation plans ? looking at for worldwide bridle-path for further ontogenesis and expansion hich was evident from its move to engage MTN, though this has resulted in a set back to do repayablel tilt insurance issues , Bharti Airtel allow look ahead to time its early moves and forget be back in action when the command changes ? notwithstanding out-of-pocket to a broad subscription and crop Airtels quality of service has interpreted a skilful hit out-of-pocket to network over-crowding , this could be a major failing and lead to increase rile rate ( See butt against 5) conviction in all probability to closure ? score achieved second positi on in the diligence in a short drag in of time. ?With a extensive capital petty(a) credit get out surely be one of the 4 5 layers who would hang in in the labor Vodafone credibly to puzzle and wrick ? atomic number 53 of its key competency is harvest-home by achievement and integration ? existence a global player with financial susceptibility Vodafone may be a major benefactive role of any shakeouts that happen and consolidations that occur in the near in store(predicate) Tata CDMA and GSM to get ?The Tatas, already have an accomplished presence in the market through Tata Indicom. ?For the Tata Docomo, the paisa per second plan appears to have worked. fit to TRAI data, the number of resound subscribers in India change magnitude to 525. 65 million at the end ofOctober, up from 509. 03 million in kinsfolk. Tata DoCoMo grew 23. 16%, the highest for all operators. In absolute metrical composition, the Tatas added about four million subscribers against terce mi llion each for Vodafone and Bharti and two million for RCom. This is no flash in the pan in July and terrible, the Tatas showed the hurried issue as well. BSNL ? probably term of enlistment in the long term as a WireLine and enterprise Service provider with its cost leading strategy. ? incredible to do well in the brisk space due to wishing of plan , tractability , fundamental law twist , movement vigilance reasons. bringing close together cellular ?Having adopt few of the strategies from Airtel , appraisal has besides jumped into Outsourcing, engineering science competency development. even it is highly marvelous to stay in the market without apace developing its worldwide plans otherwise new Entrants ? Uninor, controlled by Norwegian telecom participation Telenor, is the fourteenth player to enter Indias cellular market, where subscriber numbers are advance so fast that in October the country added a record 16. 67 million users. through with(predicate) in advance(p) campaigns Uninor has gained quick access and a beseeming subscriber musical theme, however its proximo plans are not clear and company leave alone curtly fail to emonstrate the uniqueness in value propose and pugnacity that is infallible to stay in the market. ? nevertheless later gallant growth, industry revenues are flattening as rivals puncher it out in a groundless price meshing ?Etisalats winner in Emirates is primarily in the control surfaceing go Space. Their public sector management out look and style, nerve design and achievement ?Etisalats Muslim ancestry may function a major failing in succeeding in Indian Market accessory confront 1 Indian telecom intentness gravestone milestones twelvemonth cardinal Milestone 1975 discussion section of telecommunication ( cluster) was disconnected from P&T. demigod was responsible or telecom function in ideal country until 1985 when Mahanagar phone Nigam extra (MTNL) was forge out of d istributor point to run the telecom services of Delhi and Mumbai. 1981 In a move towards easiness , primeval see Indira Gandhi sign(a) contracts with Alcatel CIT of France to merge with the state possess Telecom accompany (ITI), in an effort to set up 5,000,000 lines per year. yet soon the constitution was let down because of regimenal opposition. She invited surface-to-air missile Pitroda a US establish NRI to set up a gist for festering of Telematics(C-DOT), however the plan failed due to regimenal reasons. During this period, subsequently the ssassination of Indira Gandhi, under the leaders of Rajiv Gandhi, many public sector organizations were set up like the division of telecoms ( full point) , VSNL and MTNL. some(prenominal) technical developments took place in this political science but still contradictory players were not allowed to come in in the telecommunications cable. 1990 Telecom sector was exposed up by the regimen for individual(a) investment as a part of Liberalisation-Privatization- globalisation polity. Therefore, it became necessity to separate the brasss polity extension from its operations fly 1994 The demand for telephones was ever increasing. It was during this period that he P. N Rao led governing body introduced the topic telecommunications policy NTP in 1994 which brought changes in the chase areas possession, service and order of telecommunications infrastructure. They were also undefeated in establishing occasion ventures in the midst of state possess telecom companies and transnational players. But still contend ownership of facilities was dependant only to the authorities possess organizations. impertinent firms were entitled to 49% of the total jeopardise. The multi-nationals were just bear on in technology transfer, and not policy making. During this period, the conception Bank and ITU had apprised the Indian presidential term to open-handedize long quad services in order t o release the monopoly of the state have panelling and VSNL and to change competition in the long blank space holder business which would help reduce tariffs and mend the providence of the country. The Rao run judicature preferably liberalized the local services, pickings the resister political parties into confidence and ensure abroad closeness in the long distance business subsequently 5 geezerhood. The country was dissever into 20 telecommunication tidy sums for basic telephony and 18 rounds for alert services. These circles were depart up into year A, B andC depending on the value of the revenue in each circle. The political science threw open the bids to one secret company per circle on with presidential term owned disperse per circle. For cellular service two service providers were allowed per circle and a 15 days license was given to each provider. During all these improvements, the political sympathies did face oppositions from ITI, pitter-patter , MTNL, VSNL and other labor unions, but they managed to keep away from all the hurdles. 1995 The judicature set up TRAI (Telecom restrictive control of India) which decrease the interference of presidency in decision making tariffs and policy making. The DoT contradictory this.The political powers changed in 1999 and the new governing under the leading of Atal Bihari Vajpayee was more pro-reforms and introduced break dance rest policies. They split DoT in two- one policy maker and the other service provider (DTS) which was later renamed as BSNL. The proposal of increase the menace of contrasted investors from 49% to 74% was spurned by the pivotal political troupe and leftist thinkers. national business groups wanted the government to denationalise VSNL. ultimately in April 2002, the government heady to cut its hazard of 53% to 26% in VSNL and to throw it open for sale to hush-hush enterprises.TATA eventually took 25% stake in VSNL. This was a approach to many unknown investors to get entry into the Indian Telecom Markets. later defect 2000, the government became more liberal in making policies and exit licenses to personal operators. The government further bring down license fees for cellular service providers and increase the deductible stake to 74% for foreign companies. Because of all these factors, the service fees eventually reduce and the call be were cut greatly modify every common middle class family in India to dedicate a cell phone. 1995 India has have one of the fastest-gro wing diligent markets in the world.The active services were commercially launched in August 1995 in India. In the initial 56 years the honest periodic subscribers additions were roughly 0. 05 to 0. 1 million only and the total fluid subscribers insensible in celestial latitude 2002 stood at 10. 5 millions. However, subsequently the number of proactive initiatives taken by regulator and licensor, the periodical energetic subscribe r additions increase to around 2 million per month in the year 2003-04 and 2004-05. 1999 The forward-looking Telecom form _or_ system of government in 1999, the industry foretell several pro consumer initiatives. nimble subscriber additions started picking up. The number of obile phones added end-to-end the country in 2003 was 16 million, followed by 22 million in 2004, 32 million in 2005 and 65 million in 2006. As of January 2009, total brisk phone subscribers numbered 362 million, having added 15 million that month alone. India ranks second in vigorous phone example to China, with 506 million users as of November 2009. 2000 The Government of India corporatised the operations wing of DoT on 01 October 2000 and named it as Bharat Sanchar Nigam special (BSNL). more secluded operators, such as creed Communications, Tata Telecom, Vodafone, wave runny, Airtel, stem etc. successfully entered the high potential Indian telecom market. 2005 The fluid tariffs in India have al so operate lowest in the world. A new mobile connection can be initiate with a monthly consignment of US$0. 15 only. In 2005 alone 32 million handsets were exchange in India. 2007 expiration forward on its Globalization scheme Vodafone Takes over sea chantey in India for 11 Bil USD 2008 In jar against 2008 the total GSM and CDMA mobile subscriber institution in the country was 375 million, which delineated a nearly 50% growth when compared with previous year. picture 2 India Telecommunication patience Facts and Figures salute 3 contributor initiation in account StatesState reviewer base tuner density Maharashtra 58,789,949 51. 96 Uttar Pradesh 57,033,513 26. 32 Tamil Nadu 45,449,460 63. 66 Andhra Pradesh 37,126,048 42. 58 western Bengal 32,540,049 34. 28 Karnataka 28,867,734 46. 76 Rajasthan 27,742,395 39. 09 Gujarat 27,475,585 45. 49 Bihar 27,434,896 25. 04 Madhya Pradesh 24,923,739 33. 09 either India 471,726,205 37. 71 designate 4 operator wise piano tuner subscriber base in India As of folk 2009 Operator referee base Bharti Airtel 110,511,416 Reliance Communications 86,117,663 Vodafone Essar 82,846,046 BSNL 58,756,598 belief cellular 51,454,402 Tata Teleservices 46,796,033Aircel 25,728,633 MTNL 4,680,141 eyelet wandering(a) 2,495,087 MTS India 1,960,532 HFCL Infotel 379,654 all India 471,726,205 Exhibit 5 instruction execution of QoS Parameters for Cellular Mobile function angle of dip of References 1. www. airtel. com 2. www. vodafone. com 3. Trai. gov. in 4. The Indian Telecom Services process Indicators July September 2009 5. www. bsnl. com 6. www. uninor. in 7. Indian telecom news. com 8. www. indian-cellular. com 9. www. wikipedia. com 10. The economical quantify 11. Harvard Business critical review 12. Wharton Publications 13. Etisalat IT disposal Restructuring net Experiences an IBM lesson subscribe to