Small Scale Industries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Small Scale Industries - Essay Example As an example consider the case of Jordan. The strength of SSI in Jordan was 84% of the total established industries during the period of 1990-1998 which escalated to almost 90% of the total industries during the period of1999-2006 (Hachure cited in Lozi, 2008).Contrary to this , the Mexican experience shows that only 70.000 projects go to the second year from 200,000 started annually. (Bencivenga, V. Bruce, S. and Starr, R. 1995). Different countries have different ceiling of labor size for an industry to be labeled as small scale. For e. g. 15 workers in Iraq and Ghana, while Egypt, Belgium and Denmark have raised the ceiling for labor not exceeding 50 workers. In contrast , countries such as France and Italy adopted the criterion of 500 workers to distinguish between small-scale and other industries But in Japan and in the United States the total number of workers working in small scale industries was set at 300 in Japan and 1000 workers in the United States(Subramanian 1995). The globally important sector has not been free from dilemma and troubles in the post-reforms period; whether it is lack of infrastructure, technology or is of credit crunch. The present research is an attempt to analyze national policy decisions and industry initiatives affecting the sector, particularly in the developing nations where these industry have considerable economic importance.. 2. Literature Review 2.1 Pre-liberalization factors affecting SSI In the developing countries, Small scale Industries (SSI) have been pioneer in generating employment. These have greater advantage compared to the large enterprises in manufacturing especially in items that involve a larger share of value added from labor. The SSIs employ not only skilled but semiskilled and even unskilled labor. Manufacturing sector has better prospects in the trade particularly if the product is competitive, durable and upto the standards (Morris and Basant, 2006)). The SSIs were contributing to GDP considerably prior to liberalization also (Table -1) (World Bank, 1986). Morris and Basant (2006) have critically analyzed some of the areas that have affected growth of SSI in India. These are: The researchers have found policies based on reservations, duty concessions, directed credit, and government regulation, controls, and extension and such short sighted policies began initially for SSI; the macro- economy favoring policies such as monetary, fiscal, infrastructure and development oriented remained inadequately addressed. The non-affordability of infrastructure by SSIs is a deterrent to their expansion and survival in this liberalization period. SSIs have capacity to grow upward provided given impetus Table -1. The Japanese experiment has shown the way as to how the traditional industries, producing a wide variety of consumer products, could evolve into small and medium enterprises (SMEs) when these are able to renew technology and do not have financial crunch. India, of all the developing nations, was at greatest advantage to cash on falling tariffs under General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in textile and many light engineering, handicraft and other manufacturing units.

Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 7

Technology - Essay Example The technology age refers to the development, over time of several systematic techniques of doing and making things. The term technology was used, in the 17th century, to refer to the discussion of applied art only; gradually this art itself came to be the object of disintegration. Near the 20th century, the term had many meanings, processes and ideas, in addition to machines and tools. In the early 20th century, the term became common as most of technological developments took place in these times. There are many different uses of technology; the major and commonly applied area of technology is in communication (Hughes, 2009). Technology has been used to facilitate communication among people. Another use of technology is to provide the necessary security; a good example of such technology is that which is used, in airports and in the airplanes, to navigate aircrafts. Technology is used to make life easier, and it is manual. Companies also use technology to store information such tha t it becomes easy and efficient to locate and edit. Others use technology for entertainment purposes (Hughes, 2009). In the old days, all humans had a lifestyle that revolved around the development of tools and very few permanent settlements. The technology advancement then was to help humans to survive and get their food through hunting. Technology developments at that time were in the form of weapons and stone tools. Clothes were also among some of the major technology developments of that age. In the 21st century, main technological advancements are in the field of electronics. Biotechnology is also a relatively new field, which has undergone many developments. All the technology advancements of the 21st century have made our lives much easier and enjoyable (Colin & William, 2010). There are many different types and uses in technology. Technology can be divided several times according to the areas of use.